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The Present and Future of Indoor Navigation provides a complete overview of the latest indoor navigation technologies, algorithms, and systems. It begins by discussing various types of sensors that can be used for indoor navigation, such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, barometers, magnetometers, and cameras. It covers the numberous algorithms that can be used to compute the navigation solution, including Kalman filtering, particle filtering, and machine learning. Also, it discusses the system implementation considerations for indoor navigation, such as infrastructure, data fusion, and security. The book's focus is on present technologies and algorithms, as well as provideing a look into the future possibilities for indoor navigation, making it a great resource for a wide audience. This includes researchers, engineers, and students who are interested in indoor navigation. It is also a valuable resource for anyone who wants to learn more about the latest technologies and algorithms for indoor navigation.

Provides technical and scientific descriptions of potential approaches used to achieve indoor positioning, ranging from sensor networks to more advanced radio-based systems This book presents a large technical overview of various approaches to achieve indoor positioning. These approaches cover those based on sensors, cameras, satellites, and other radio-based methods. The book also discusses the simplification of certain implementations, describing ways for the reader to design solutions that respect specifications and follow established techniques. Descriptions of the main techniques used for positioning, including angle measurement, distance measurements, Doppler measurements, and inertial measurements are also given. Indoor Positioning: Technologies and Performance starts with overviews of the first age of navigation, the link between time and space, the radio age, the first terrestrial positioning systems, and the era of artificial satellites. It then introduces readers to the subject of indoor positioning, as well as positioning techniques and their associated difficulties. Proximity technologies like bar codes, image recognition, Near Field Communication (NFC), and QR codes are covered—as are room restricted and building range technologies. The book examines wide area indoor positioning as well as world wide indoor technologies like High-Sensitivity and Assisted GNSS, and covers maps and mapping. It closes with the author's vision of the future in which the practice of indoor positioning is perfected across all technologies. This text: Explores aspects of indoor positioning from both theoretical and practical points of view Describes advantages and drawbacks of various approaches to positioning Provides examples of design solutions that respect specifications of tested techniques Covers infra-red sensors, lasers, Lidar, RFID, UWB, Bluetooth, Image SLAM, LiFi, WiFi, indoor GNSS, and more Indoor Positioning is an ideal guide for technical engineers, industrial and application developers, and students studying wireless communications and signal processing.

Positioning in Wireless Communications Systems explains the principal differences and similarities of wireless communications systems and navigation systems. It discusses scenarios that are critical for dedicated navigation systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), and which motivate the use of positioning based on terrestrial wireless communication systems. The book introduces approaches for determining parameters that are dependent on the position of the mobile terminal and also discusses iterative algorithms to estimate and track positions. Models for radio propagation and user mobility are important for performance investigations and assessments using computer simulations. Thus, channel and mobility models are explored, particularly focusing on critical navigation environments such as urban and indoor scenarios. Positioning in Wireless Communications Systems examines advanced algorithms such as hybrid data fusion of satellite navigation, and positioning with wireless communications and cooperative positioning among mobile terminals. The performance of the discussed positioning techniques are explored on the basis of already existing and operable terrestrial wireless communication systems such as GSM, UMTS, or LTE and how positioning issues are fixed in respective standards is shown. Written by industry experts working at the cutting edge of technological development, the authors are well-placed to give an excellent viewpoint on this topic, enabling in-depth coverage of current developments. Key features Unique in its approach to dealing with a heterogeneous system approach, different cell   structures, and signal proposals for future communications systems.  Covers hybrid positioning investigating how GNSS and wireless communications positioning complement each other. Applications and exploitation of positioning information are discussed to show the benefits of   including this information in several parts of a wireless communications system.

Precise and accurate localization is one of the fundamental scientific and engineering technologies needed for the applications enabling the emergence of the Smart World and the Internet of Things (IoT). Popularity of localization technology began when the GPS became open for commercial applications in early 1990's. Since most commercial localization applications are for indoors and GPS does not work indoors, the discovery of opportunistic indoor geolocation technologies began in mid-1990's. Because of complexity and diversity of science and technology involved in indoor Geolocation, this area has emerged as its own discipline over the past two decades. At the time of this writing, received signal strength (RSS) based Wi-Fi localization is dominating the commercial market complementing cell tower localization and GPS technologies using the time of arrival (TOA) technology. Wi-Fi localization technology takes advantage of the random deployment of Wi-Fi devices worldwide to support indoor and urban area localization for hundreds of thousands of applications on smart devices. Public safety and military applications demand more precise localization for first responders and military applications deploy specialized infrastructure for more precise indoor geolocation. To enhance the performance both industries are examining hybrid localization techniques. Hybrid algorithms use a variety of sensors to measure the speed and direction of movement and integrate them with the absolute radio frequency localization. Indoor Geolocation Science and Technology is a multidisciplinary book that presents the fundamentals of opportunistic localization and navigation science and technology used in different platforms such as: smart devices, unmanned ground and flying vehicles, and existing cars operating as a part of intelligent transportation systems. Material presented in the book are beneficial for the Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Science, Robotics Engineering, Biomedical Engineering or other disciplines who are interested in integration of navigation into their multi-disciplinary projects. The book provides examples with supporting MATLAB codes and hands-on projects throughout to improve the ability of the readers to understand and implement variety of algorithms. It can be used for both academic education, as a textbook with problem sets and projects, and the industrial training, as a practical reference book for professionals involved in design and performance evaluation. The author of this book has pioneering research experience and industrial exposure in design and performance evaluation of indoor geolocation based on empirical measurement and modeling of the behavior of the radio propagation in indoor areas and inside the human body. The presentation of the material is based on examples of research and development that his students have performed in his laboratory, his teaching experiences as a professor, and his experiences as a technical consultant to successful startup companies.

while the fifth generation (5G) cellular system is being deployed worldwide, researchers have started the investigation of the sixth generation (6G) mobile communication networks. Although the essential requirements and key usage scenarios of 6G are yet to be defined, it is believed that 6G should be able to provide intelligent and ubiquitous wireless connectivity with Terabits per second (Tbps) data rate and sub-millisecond (sub-ms) latency over three-dimensional (3D) network coverage. To achieve such goals, acquiring accurate location information of the mobile terminals is becoming extremely useful, not only for location-based services but also for improving wireless communication performance in various ways such as channel estimation, beam alignment, medium access control, routing, and network optimization. On the other hand, the advancement of communication technologies also brings new opportunities to greatly improve the localization performance, as exemplified by the anticipated centimeter-level localization accuracy in 6G by extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies. In this regard, a unified study on integrated localization and communication (ILAC) is necessary to unlock the full potential of wireless networks for dual purposes. While there are extensive studies on wireless localization or communications separately, the research on ILAC is still in its infancy. Therefore, this article aims to give a tutorial overview on ILAC towards 6G wireless networks. After a holistic survey on wireless localization basics, we present the state-of-the-art results on how wireless localization and communication inter-play with each other in various network layers, together with the main architectures and techniques for localization and communication co-design in current two-dimensional (2D) and future 3D networks with aerial-ground integration. Finally, we outline some promising future research directions for ILAC.

The coordinates of the position of a wireless access point are the main goal in the wireless localization technique. In common, outdoor wireless localization techniques use the trilateration method by installing several devices used as anchors, and this makes the cost for installation and maintenance higher. An outdoor wireless localization system that is more efficient, effective, and flexible but still accurate and precise becomes indispensable. This paper proposes a wireless position estimation system based on a received signal strength (RSS) value called WLAN Position Estimation System (WLAN PES) integrating WLAN Distance Estimation System (WLAN DES) with WLAN PES formula. To confirm the accuracy and precision of WLAN PES, this paper focuses on the analysis of WLAN PES testing conducted at ten points in which each measurement point had coordinates and angles that are different from one another. The test point was made to circle the target WLAN access point. The distance of each test point was 1000 meters against the targeted WLAN access point. In each of these test points, the WLAN finder reads RSSfnd. Then, the system calculated the estimated distance value using WLAN DES based on the RSSfnd value. After the system obtained a distance estimation value, the estimated position value was calculated with the WLAN PES formula. In addition to the distance estimation value, WLAN PES formula required some variables such as latitude and longitude coordinates from the WLAN finder position, and the bearing of the WLAN finder. WLAN PES was found to be capable of determining the estimated position coordinates of a WLAN access point with an accuracy value and precision value of 93.26% and 98.77%, respectively.

This paper reviews the state of the art and future trends of indoor Positioning, Localization, and Navigation (PLAN). It covers the requirements, the main players, sensors, and techniques for indoor PLAN. Other than the navigation sensors such as Inertial Navigation System (INS) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), the environmental-perception sensors such as High-Definition map (HD map), Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), camera, the fifth generation of mobile network communication technology (5G), and Internet-of-Things (IoT) signals are becoming important aiding sensors for PLAN. The PLAN systems are expected to be more intelligent and robust under the emergence of more advanced sensors, multi-platform/multi-device/multi-sensor information fusion, self-learning systems, and the integration with artificial intelligence, 5G, IoT, and edge/fog computing.

A comprehensive, encompassing and accessible text examining a wide range of key Wireless Networking and Localization technologies This book provides a unified treatment of issues related to all wireless access and wireless localization techniques.  The book reflects principles of design and deployment of infrastructure for wireless access and localization for wide, local, and personal networking.   Description of wireless access methods includes design and deployment of traditional TDMA and CDMA technologies and emerging Long Term Evolution (LTE) techniques for wide area cellular networks, the IEEE 802.11/WiFi wireless local area networks as well as IEEE 802.15 Bluetooth, ZigBee, Ultra Wideband (UWB), RF Microwave and body area networks used for sensor and ad hoc networks.  The principles  of wireless localization techniques using time-of-arrival and received-signal-strength of the wireless signal used in military and commercial applications in smart devices operating in urban, indoor and inside the human body localization are explained and compared.   Questions, problem sets and hands-on projects enhances the learning experience for students to understand and appreciate the subject. These include analytical  and practical examples with software projects to challenge students in practically important simulation problems, and problem sets that use MatLab. Key features: * Provides a broad coverage of main wireless technologies including emerging technical developments such as body area networking and cyber physical systems * Written in a tutorial form that can be used by students and researchers in the field * Includes practical examples and software projects to challenge students in practically important simulation problems

The motivation of this work is to help outpatients find their corresponding departments or clinics, thus, it needs to provide indoor positioning services with a room-level accuracy. Unlike wireless outdoor localization that is dominated by the global positioning system (GPS), wireless indoor localization is still an open issue. Many different schemes are being developed to meet the increasing demand for indoor localization services. In this paper, we investigated the AoA-based wireless indoor localization for outpatients’ wayfinding in a hospital, where Wi-Fi access points (APs) are deployed, in line, on the ceiling. The target position can be determined by a mobile device, like a smartphone, through an efficient geometric calculation with two known APs coordinates and the angles of the incident radios. All possible positions in which the target may appear have been comprehensively investigated, and the corresponding solutions were proven to be the same. Experimental results show that localization error was less than 2.5 m, about 80% of the time, which can satisfy the outpatients’ requirements for wayfinding.

PurposeRadiofrequency identification (RFID) tag localization (TL) is a technique of localizing non-palpable breast lesions that can be performed prior to surgery. We sought to evaluate whether TL is comparable to wire localization (WL) in regard to specimen size, operative time, and re-excision rate.MethodsA retrospective cohort analysis was performed on TL and WL excisional biopsies and lumpectomies performed by 5 surgeons at 2 institutions. Cases were stratified by surgery type and surgical indication. Associations between localization technique and specimen volume, operative time, and re-excision rate were assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsA total of 503 procedures were included, 147 TL (29.2%) and 356 WL (70.8%). Nineteen (12.9%) RFID tags were placed before surgery, ranging 1–22 days. All intended targets were removed. TL and WL excisional biopsy and lumpectomy specimen volumes were similar (p = 0.560 and 0.494). TL and WL excisional biopsy and lumpectomy + SLNB operative times were similar (p = 0.152 and 0.158), but TL lumpectomies without SLNB took longer than WL (57 min vs 49 min; p = 0.027). Re-excision rates were similar by surgical procedure (p = 0.615), surgical indication (DCIS p = 0.145; invasive carcinoma p = 0.759), and confirmed by multivariable analysis (OR 0.754, 95% CI 0.392–1.450; p = 0.397).ConclusionsTL has similar surgical outcomes to WL with added benefit that TL can occur prior to the day of surgery. TL is an acceptable alternative to WL and should be considered for non-palpable breast lesions.