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"Wolves in art."
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Wolf
Feared and revered, the wolf has been admired as a powerful hunter and symbol of the wild and reviled for its danger to humans and livestock. Garry Marvin reveals in Wolf how the ways in which wolves are imagined has had far-reaching implications for how actual wolves are treated by humans.
Book
Producing Predators
InProducing Predators, Michael D. Wise argues that contestations between Native and non-Native people over hunting, labor, and the livestock industry drove the development of predator eradication programs in Montana and Alberta from the 1880s onward. The history of these anti-predator programs was significant not only for their ecological effects, but also for their enduring cultural legacies of colonialism in the Northern Rockies.By targeting wolves and other wild carnivores for extermination, cattle ranchers disavowed the predatory labor of raising domestic animals for slaughter, representing it instead as productive work. Meanwhile, federal agencies sought to purge the Blackfoot, Salish-Kootenai, and other indigenous peoples of their so-called predatory behaviors through campaigns of assimilation and citizenship that forcefully privatized tribal land and criminalized hunting and its related ritual practices. Despite these colonial pressures, Native communities resisted and negotiated the terms of their dispossession by representing their own patterns of work, food, and livelihood as productive. By exploring predation and production as fluid cultural logics for valuing labor, rather than just a set of biological processes,Producing Predatorsoffers a new perspective on the history of the American West and the modern history of colonialism more broadly.
eBook
Global adaptation readiness and income mitigate sectoral climate change vulnerabilities
Climate change has become a global burden, requiring strong institutional quality and willingness to mitigate future impacts. Though emissions are transboundary and have the tendency of spreading from high emitting countries to low emitting countries, regional exposure, sensitivity, and adaptation readiness determine the extent of climate effects. The existing literature focuses on immediate drivers and damages of emission effects, failing to account for underlying mechanisms occurring via the nexus between emission levels, economic, social, and governance adaptation readiness. Here, this study broadens the scope of previous attempts and simultaneously examines climate change vulnerability across sectors including ecosystem services, food, health, human habitat, infrastructure, and water. We use the Romano–Wolf technique to test multiple hypotheses and present the spatial–temporal severity of climate vulnerability and readiness to combat climate change and its impacts. Besides, we assess the long-term impact of climate change readiness and income expansion on sectoral-climate vulnerabilities. We find that high-income economies with high social, governance, and economic readiness have low climate vulnerability whereas developing economies with low income have high climate change exposure and sensitivity. Our empirical evidence could be used to prioritize limited resources in addressing and managing adaptive actions of extreme climate change vulnerabilities.
Journal Article
How to Not Secure Public Trust in Science: Representative Values Versus Polarization and Marginalization
The demise of the value-free ideal constitutes a threat to public trust in science. One proposal is that, whenever making value judgments, scientists rely only on democratic values. Because the influence of democratic values on scientific claims and recommendations is legitimate, public trust in science is warranted. I challenge this proposal. Appealing to democratic values will not suffice to secure trust because of at least two obstacles: polarization and marginalization.
Journal Article
The Coevolution of Descriptive and Evaluative Beliefs in Aldo Leopold’s Thinking
The founder of conservation biology, Michael Soulé, set out a vision for conservation biology that was explicitly value-laden, analogous to cancer-biology. In so doing, he drew on the writings of Aldo Leopold, known among philosophers primarily for his land ethic. Employing and extending the work of Anderson (2004) and Clough (2020), I argue that the Leopoldian views that Soulé was drawing on were the product of the coevolution of descriptive and evaluative beliefs over the course of Leopold’s life, grounded in his experiences, resulting in tested and reliable—albeit defeasible—values underlying conservation biology.
Journal Article
An Efficient Wrapper-KNN Based Feature Selection Method for High Dimensional Data Using Machine Learning on a Ray Framework
A variety of disciplines have handled large databases that contain an enormous number of features. While several attempts have been made to design an optimized model for Feature Selection (FS) in high dimensional data systems, the difficulty of processing such data remains a great challenge. As a result, the high dimensionality of large datasets can hinder the Machine Learning (ML) process. Feature selection is aimed at reducing features that are unnecessary, noisy or redundant that may affect classification. To address this issue Parallelized Exhaustive Wrapper-Based Feature Selection Technique using a ray distributed framework is proposed. In this, K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) classifier algorithm and Cross Validation (CV) approach is utilized to deal with overfitting problems to obtain better results. The experimental outcomes show that the proposed approach retains the exceptional efficiency of the model while reducing computation time considerably. The overall average accuracy of the proposed work is 92.24%, and the execution time taken is better than as compared with the state-of-art techniques.
Journal Article
Taphonomy as a Methodological Approach for the Study of Dog Domestication: Application to the Prehistoric Site of Peña Moñuz (Guadalajara, Spain)
The study of early dog domestication has been the focus of considerable scholarly interest in recent years, prompting extensive research aimed at pinpointing the precise temporal and geographic origins of this process. However, a consensus among studies remains elusive, with various research efforts proposing differing timelines and locations for domestication. To address the questions related to the domestication process, researchers have employed a wide range of methodologies, including genetic, biomolecular, morphometric, paleontological, biometric, and isotopic analyses, as well as dental wear analysis to reconstruct paleodiets. Each of these approaches requires access to fossil canid specimens, given that they work directly with the skeletal remains of dogs or wolves. Alternatively, some methods can yield insights into the domestication process without necessitating the physical remains of these canids. Taphonomy, for instance, enables the study of bone surfaces for tooth marks, which may serve as indirect indicators of carnivore activity, potentially attributable to dogs or wolves. This study applies a high-resolution taphonomic analysis to bones modified by carnivores at the prehistoric site of Peña Moñuz. Our aim is to identify the specific carnivores responsible for the observed bone modifications. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of this technique in identifying the agents of bite marks, suggesting that taphonomy may complement the paleogenetic, paleontological, and isotopic methodologies traditionally used to explore the origins of dog domestication
Journal Article
Beneath the Overstory
The northern border's different from the southern. It's porous. Everything still moves through it, coming and going, and the first impression a visitor gets is one of overwhelming health, whether on one side of the border or the other. Bears and wolves transgress and regress without apologies or boundaries, and so too do rivers, creeks, breath, and wind. The light that falls on one side of the border falls just as equally on the other side. To Bass, the borderlands of northwestern Montana's Yaak Valley -- 97 percent public land epitomizes the word freedom. He grew up in south Texas, long before there was any wall down there. He left when he was eighteen and made his way, eventually, north to the other border, the anti-wall of the deep coniferous sub-boreal forest that straddles British Columbia and Montana. A land where rivers flow both north and south, changing directions much as a person, or a country, changes its mind. Beneath the shaded canopy of the sub-boreal -- owned, recall lie the US headwaters of the Yaak River, the first place where water comes into Montana.
Journal Article
The Ecosemiotics of Human-Wolf Relations in a Northern Tourist Economy: A Case Study
This article investigates the use of wolves to enchant the rationalization of Thompson Manitoba. The city attempted to refocus towards a more touristic economy based around the large wolf population in the surrounding regions. The paper also examines why this attempt at a tourist economy has not produced its intended results. I accomplish this by first discussing the McDonaldization and enchantment of the city. This discussion is framed through George Ritzer and Jeffery C. Alexander’s work. I then integrate Umwelt analysis by focusing on Timo Maran’s Umwelt mapping to create a comparative approach in which wolf Umwelts within rationalized and enchanted settings can be compared to those in situ. I then make use of qualitative data analysis (QDA) to code a corpus of 50 articles from a local online newspaper that discuss the development of the tourism economy. Accordingly, I apply the theoretical perspectives mentioned to the QDA codes and themes. In the discussion section and conclusion of this paper, I note that wolf Umwelt was largely incompatible with the rationalizing system created within the city and that the use of wolves as enchantment relied on motifs of overly hyperreal intersubjectivity between humans and wolves. Consequently, collective representation regarding the tourist initiative was not constructed by this rationalization and enchantment.
Journal Article
Are Metaphors Ethically Bad Epistemic Practice? Epistemic Injustice at the Intersections
The COVID-19 pandemic brought the debate about the ethics of metaphors to the fore. In this article, I draw on blending theory—a theory of cognition—and theories of epistemic injustice to explore both the epistemic and ethical implications of metaphors. Beginning with a discussion of the conceptual alterations that may result from the use of metaphors, I argue that the effects these alterations have on available hermeneutical resources have the potential to result in a type of hermeneutical injustice distinct from the “lacuna” described by Miranda Fricker (Fricker 2007). Following, I examine how metaphors may therefore be considered “ethically bad epistemic practice,” as described by Rebecca Mason, because of how they may contribute to perpetuating an inequitable epistemic status quo (Mason 2011). Yet these same features may be used to promote epistemic justice in the context of intersectional power relationships. Situating the effects of metaphors within an inequitable yet dynamic epistemic system, I argue that foregrounding intersectional power dynamics enables us to interrogate the ethics of metaphors with consideration of both the epistemic and material consequences that may occur. I conclude by providing guidance for how, given that metaphors do epistemic work, we may use them to do ethical epistemic work.
Journal Article