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"Women college graduates Turkey."
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Higher education expansion and women’s access to higher education and the labor market: quasi-experimental evidence from Turkey
We study the 1992 higher education expansion reform in Turkey and examine how the expansion program changed higher education attainment and labor market access, particularly for women, who are disadvantaged on both accounts. We use the 2011 Population and Housing Census and employ a difference-in-differences estimation strategy. We find that the establishment of universities in localities where universities did not exist before increases the higher education attainment of women by 12–13% and their labor force participation by 4%. In contrast, we do not find a program effect for men for either of the two outcomes. That the program did not affect high school graduation suggests that the improvement for women stems from the change in the behavior of the same pool of high school graduates due to reduced monetary and psychic costs. The absence of a program effect for men further suggests that the reduction in schooling costs was not high enough to overcome the lower benefit of having to attend a less reputable local university. As a result of the expansion policy, the gender gap in higher education attainment and labor force participation shrinks. A battery of robustness checks that include an IV estimation supports our findings.
Journal Article
The Relationship of Marital Adjustment and Sexual Satisfaction with Depressive Symptoms in Women
The harmony between the spouses is an important factor that may affect all aspects of a relationship. Marriage-related problems are an important stressor to affecting mental health. The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between marital adjustment and sexuality with depressive symptoms in women. The study was conducted with 160 participants and the data were collected by the Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale, the General Health Questionnaire and the Marital Adjustment Test. Result of this study it was observed that as the general health status of women was disrupted and their depression risk increased, their marital adjustment decreased and they tended to have problems with sexual functions.
Journal Article
Incongruent Modernities: A Comparative Study of Higher Educated Women from Urban Turkey and Norway
In this article, main findings of a comparative study on the social positions, attitudes and identities of younger Turkish and Norwegian women with higher education will be presented. The findings are based on interpretations of twenty in-depth interviews. Turkish and Norwegian interviewees differ considerably in terms of their social identities: they use dissimilar reference groups while evaluating their societal positions. The two groups also conceive gender and its social reflections in diverse terms. Such differences are analysed in light of differing class structures and modernization histories of the two countries. At the same time, Turkish and Norwegian interviewees share similar worries related to the expected difficulties of combining marriage, motherhood and employment. These accounts give support to arguments about an inherent incongruity in the design of modernity. The Norwegian welfare state and the Turkish family, with their enabling and constraining properties, are the key institutions in the lives of the informants of this study.
Journal Article