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"Women service industries workers China."
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Markets and bodies : women, service work, and the making of inequality in China
Global markets, local bodies : the labor of service -- \"The customer is God\": women and China's new occupational geography -- Virtual personalism : importing global luxury and middle class femininity to the Beijing Transluxury Hotel -- Virtuous professionalism : localizing global luxury at the Kunming Transluxury Hotel -- Aspirational urbanism : consuming respect in China's informal consumer service sector -- Embodying consumer markets at work
eBook
Engendering China–Africa Encounters: Chinese Family Firms, Black Women Workers and the Gendered Politics of Production in South Africa
This article highlights the centrality of family and gender in Chinese factories in Africa through a case study of Chinese garment production in Newcastle, South Africa. The data used in the article were collected through field research in 2015 and 2016 and several follow-up interviews in 2020 and 2021. The study presents a twofold argument. First, Chinese garment firms in Newcastle can be characterized as “translocal” family firms. Unlike Chinese state enterprises and large transnational companies, these translocal family firms represent a particular kind of private capital that prioritizes a diversified source of income and that is economically embedded but less concessionary to labour pressures. Second, the racial and class encounters between Chinese employers and African women workers are constructed and contested through gender. While Chinese employers attempt to impose racial hierarchy and increase production, Zulu women workers respond to managerial control and demands in creative and gendered ways.
Journal Article
Sex Work and Stigma Management in China and Hong Kong: The Role of State Policy and NGO Advocacy
This paper examines the impacts of state policies and NGO advocacy on female sex workers’ identity and how they manage stigma. Comparing three groups of sex workers – those born and working in mainland China, those born and working in Hong Kong, and those born in mainland China who later migrated to Hong Kong and entered the sex industry – this paper suggests that differences in state policies on prostitution and the different degrees of visibility of NGOs campaigning for sex workers’ rights are related to three strategies used by sex workers to construct a positive self-image to counteract the stigma they face: gendered obligation fulfilment, professional work and responsible citizenship. The paper illustrates that stigmatized-identity management involves complex relationships among individual interpretation, selection and mobilization of gender, work and citizenship scripts, which are contingent on structural features of the environment and may change during migration and relocation.
Journal Article
Future jobs: analyzing the impact of artificial intelligence on employment and its mechanisms
Technological innovation has promoted the development of human flourishing. Based on panel data for 30 provinces in China from 2006 to 2022, this study examines the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on manufacturing employment in China using the two-way fixed-effect model and the instrumental variable method. The study finds that contrary to the traditional impression of “machines replacing humans,” AI technology is correlated with increasing the total number of jobs on the market. Thanks to more efficient labor productivity, capital deepening, and specialized division of labor from integrating digital technology, AI offsets the negative effect of robots on employment and significantly increases manufacturing enterprises’ market size and production scale, with a significant job creation effect. Heterogeneity is evident in the positive impact of AI on employment, which has increased the number of jobs in labor-intensive industries and for female workers. Regions with more complete digital infrastructure construction exhibit stronger job creation effects. Mechanism research reveals that the geographical agglomeration mode of traditional industries are undergoing evolutionary transitions under the transformation of digital technology, and modern industrial agglomeration represented by virtual agglomeration is an indispensable mediating mechanism for AI to create jobs. The study’s conclusions can alleviate citizen’s concerns regarding AI crowding-out jobs, encouraging workers and policymakers to make full use of AI technology to improve employment in the digital economy era.
Journal Article
Nennu and Shunu: Gender, Body Politics, and the Beauty Economy in China
This essay analyzes recent discourse on two emerging representations of women in China, \"tender\" women (nennu) and \"ripe\" women (shunu), in order to examine the relationships among gender, body politics, and consumerism. The discourse of nennu and shunu suggests that older, ripe women become younger and more tender by consuming fashions, cosmetic surgery technologies, and beauty and health care products and services because tender women represent the ideal active consumership that celebrates beauty, sexuality, and individuality. This discourse serves to enhance consumers' desire for beauty and health and to ensure the continued growth of China's beauty economy and consumer capitalism. Highlighting the role of the female body, feminine beauty, and feminine youth in developing consumerism, this discourse downplays the contributions of millions of beauty and health care providers (predominantly laid-off female workers and rural migrant women) and new forms of gender exploitation. Such an overemphasis on gender masks intensified class division. This essay suggests that women and their bodies become new terrains from which post-Mao China can draw its power and enact consumerism. Gender constitutes both an economic multiplier to boost China's consumer capitalism and a biopolitical strategy to regulate and remold women and their bodies into subjects that are identified with the state's political and economic objectives. Since consumerism has been incorporated into China's nation-building project, gender thus becomes a vital resource for both consumer capitalist development and nation building. This essay shows that both gender and the body are useful analytic categories for the study of postsocialism.
Journal Article
A Pay-It-Forward Approach to Improve Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Testing Uptake Among Female Sex Workers in China: Venue-Based Superiority Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Regular chlamydia and gonorrhea testing are essential for key populations, such as female sex workers (FSWs). However, testing cost, stigma, and lack of access prevent FSWs in low- and middle-income countries from receiving chlamydia and gonorrhea testing. A social innovation to address these problems is \"pay it forward,\" where an individual receives a gift (free testing) and then asks whether they would like to give a gift to another person in the community.
This cluster randomized controlled trial examined the effectiveness and cost of the pay-it-forward strategy in increasing access to chlamydia and gonorrhea testing among FSWs in China.
This trial integrated a pay-it-forward approach into a community-based HIV outreach service. FSWs (aged 18 years or older) were invited by an outreach team from 4 Chinese cities (clusters) to receive free HIV testing. The 4 clusters were randomized into 2 study arms in a 1:1 ratio: a pay-it-forward arm (offered chlamydia and gonorrhea testing as a gift) and a standard-of-care arm (out-of-pocket cost for testing: US $11). The primary outcome was chlamydia and gonorrhea test uptake, as ascertained by administrative records. We conducted an economic evaluation using a microcosting approach from a health provider perspective, reporting our results in US dollars (at 2021 exchange rates).
Overall, 480 FSWs were recruited from 4 cities (120 per city). Most FSWs were aged ≥30 years (313/480, 65.2%), were married (283/480, 59%), had an annual income
Journal Article
How do extremely high temperatures affect labor market performance? Evidence from rural China
To improve understanding of the labor market implications of climate change, this paper investigates how heat extremes affect individual-level labor market outcomes in rural China. By exploiting daily weather and household survey data during the period 1989–2011, we find that extremely high temperatures significantly reduce rural laborers’ working hours and wages but have no statistically significant effect on their employment status. In addition, the adverse effects of extremely high temperatures on the service sector and on female workers could be long-lasting. To attenuate the detrimental effects of temperature shocks, rural laborers may perform adjustment behaviors to reduce direct exposure to high-temperature working environments, including leaving agricultural primary occupations and engaging in non-agricultural secondary occupations.
Journal Article
The impact of trade liberalisation on the gender wage gap in urban China: The role of sectoral switching costs
The effect of trade liberalisation on the welfare of workers depends on the nature and magnitude of switching costs that workers face in moving across sectors. This paper investigates the impact of trade liberalisation on the gender wage gap in China, emphasising the role of sectoral switching costs in driving the effect. Using the local labour market approach as the identification strategy, I find that a one-standard-deviation increase in regional trade exposure is associated with a 3.2% increase in the gender wage gap during the 1992–2009 period. The emergence of the empirical pattern is mainly because the sectoral switching costs are larger for females than males. Since trade liberalisation leads to labour reallocation across sectors, the presence of asymmetric sectoral switching costs thus prevents female workers initially employed in the manufacturing sector from accessing advanced service industries, resulting in a rising gender wage gap after the trade. As a response, female manufacturing workers are forced to either be employed in low-skill service industries or exit the labour market. This paper carries strong implications for policies that both promote gender equity and help trade-displaced workers.
Journal Article