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Wood Deterioration, Protection and Maintenance
WOOD DETERIORATION, PROTECTION AND MAINTENANCE Wood has low embodied energy, is a renewable resource and can perform extremely well in a range of construction applications, so it is not surprising that there is growing interest in the use of wood in new buildings.
eBook
Microbial decay of wooden structures: actors, activities and means of protection
Wood decay fungi and bacteria play a crucial role in natural ecosystems, contributing to the decomposition of lignocellulosic materials and nutrient cycling. However, their activity poses significant challenges in timber durability, impacting industries reliant on wood as a construction material. This review examines the diversity of microorganisms damaging timber used indoors and outdoors. Additionally, traditional and advanced methods for microbial identification are discussed, with a focus on DNA-based, culture-independent sequencing methods whose importance has increased massively in recent years. It also provides an overview of the various options for wood protection, starting from wood protection by design, to chemical wood preservation and wood modification methods. This should illustrate how important it is to combine an ecological understanding of the decay organisms, precise identification and innovative wood protection methods in order to achieve a long-term and thus resource-saving use of wood.
Key points
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Fungi and bacteria play a crucial role in the decomposition of timber wood.
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Traditional and advanced DNA-based methods for microbial identification are discussed.
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An overview of the various options for wood protection is provided.
Journal Article
Biological Deterioration and Natural Durability of Wood in Europe
In recent years, the use of wood has gained social interest, leading to a global increase in its demand. Yet, this demand is often covered by the production of woods of low natural durability against biological deterioration. The main biological agents with the potential to attack the structural integrity of wood are wood-decay fungi, saproxylic beetles, termites, and marine molluscs and crustaceans. In most circumstances, fungi are the main wood-deteriorating agents. To attack the cell wall, wood-decay fungi combine a complex enzymatic mechanism with non-enzymatic mechanisms based on low-molecular-weight compounds. In some cases, the larvae of saproxylic beetles can also digest cell wood components, causing serious deterioration to wooden structures. The impact of subterranean termites in Europe is concentrated in the Southern countries, causing important economic losses. However, alien invasive species of voracious subterranean termites are expanding their presence in Europe. Wooden elements in permanent contact with marine water can be readily deteriorated by mollusc and crustacean borers, for which current preservatives lack efficacy. The natural durability of wood is defined as the inherent resistance of wood to catastrophic action by wood-destroying organisms. Besides exposure to the climate, product design and use conditions, the natural durability of wood is key to the prediction of the service life of wooden products, which can be shortened due to the impact of global change. The major wood properties involved in natural durability are related to the composition of lignin in the cell wall, the anatomy of the xylem, nutrient availability, the amount and composition of heartwood extractives, and the presence of moisture-regulating components since wood moisture content influences the establishment of wood-degrading organisms.
Journal Article
Recent Developments Studies on Wood Protection Research in Academia: A Review
The wood preservation industry has taken large leaps to develop and produce chemicals that protect wood from microorganisms and weathering degradation with no or low environmental impact. These improvements occurred after concerns of federal and public agencies about the release of toxic components into atmosphere, soil, and water. These days, reduction in use of non-renewable resources is a crucial concern. Wood and wood-based products are generally low in CO 2 emissions and can be gained from sustainable forest resources. Therefore, they can play a significant role as renewable resources. In comparison to other building materials, wood has numerous advantages, such as suitable thermal insulation, high strength to weight ratio, easy machinability, and attractive esthetics. Wood as a valuable building and industrial material requires to be protected due to its biodegradable properties especially when it is submitted to harsh conditions. Wood durability can be improved through wood protection which include wood preservatives and modification systems. Wood protection should be safe to use, efficient, cost-effective, permanent, and should not corrode metal or degrade wood components. Numerous reviews of wood protection can be found in the scientific literatures, but until now a review of a combination of wood preservation and wood modification has not been studied. It should be considered that the latest research projects in wood protection in academia not always reflect the most current developments in the industry due to exclusive rights. The findings reported in academia contribute to the safe use of preservatives, advancement of wood modification techniques, as well as recycle and disposal of treated material. Therefore, in this study, the most current research and advancements promoted in the wood protection in academia are discussed which including an overall summary of the recent developments on wood preservatives, different types of preservatives, natural preservative compounds, and modification technologies in academia.
Journal Article
Conservation of waterlogged wood—past, present and future perspectives
This paper reviews the degradation, preservation and conservation of waterlogged archaeological wood. Degradation due to bacteria in anoxic and soft-rot fungi and bacteria in oxic waterlogged conditions is discussed with consideration of the effect on the chemical composition of wood, as well as the deposition of sulphur and iron within the structure. The effects on physical properties are also considered. The paper then discusses the role of consolidants in preserving waterlogged archaeological wood after it is excavated as well as issues to be considered when reburial is used as a means of preservation. The use of alum and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as consolidants is presented along with various case studies with particular emphasis on marine artefacts. The properties of consolidated wood are examined, especially with respect to the degradation of the wood post-conservation. Different consolidants are reviewed along with their use and properties. The merits and risks of reburial and in situ preservation are considered as an alternative to conservation.
Journal Article
Natural Antifungal Agents from Pangium edule and Pinus merkusii for the Wood-Decaying Fungus Schizophyllum Commune
The demand for wood from community and plantation forests has increased as an alternative to natural forests. However, these fast-growing woods are often vulnerable to biodeterioration by wood-decaying fungi. Enhancing their durability through eco-friendly preservation methods is therefore essential. This study evaluated the antifungal efficacy of extracts from the leaves and seed shells of Pangium edule and from the leaves and fruits of Pinus merkusii against the wood-decaying fungus Schizophyllum commune at concentrations below 25 ppm. The extracts were tested at four concentration levels (5, 10, 15, and 20 ppm; w/v, mg extract per litre of agar) using the poisoned food technique on malt extract agar (MEA) medium. All extracts exhibited strong inhibitory activity, with the seed shell extract of P. edule achieving 100% inhibition (Antifungal Activity Index, AFA = 100%) across all concentrations. The fruit extract of P. merkusii produced AFA values ranging from 96% to 98%, while the leaf extracts from both species demonstrated slightly lower but still very strong activity (AFA > 80%). Notably, none of the treatments allowed complete fungal colony development compared to the control group. These findings suggest that both P. edule and P. merkusii extracts exhibit strong antifungal potential against S. commune in vitro. Further studies involving standardised wood-block decay tests are necessary to confirm their applicability as natural wood preservatives in practical use.
Journal Article
Advances in wood preservation technology: A review of conventional and nanotechnology preservation approaches
While wood has been a renewable and versatile material for centuries, its susceptibility to biotic and abiotic degradation remains challenging. Traditional preservation methods, though effective, raise increasing concerns about environmental and health toxicity, cost, and post-consumer fate of the treated wood products. To address these issues, more sustainable and effective preservation methods have emerged. This review examines the latest innovations, particularly nanotechnology and self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), highlighting their applications, advantages, challenges, and research gaps. It focuses on literature from 2019 to 2024, exploring advancements in wood preservation. It also discusses the potential of these technologies to revolutionize wood preservation, offering promising and innovative solutions for the future.
Journal Article
Effect of sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis) leaf extract on technological properties of pine (Pinus brutia)
The main objective of this research was to determine the retention properties of extracts obtained from the leaves of Liquidambar orientalis Mill., (belonging to the class of medicinal aromatic plants) to organic (ecological) wood structures, thereby creating an ecological wood preservative that could be preferred in a wide variety of applications. Wood samples were taken from red pine trees in the Köyceğiz Agla region. Then, 1%, 3%, and 5% solutions of the extract were prepared. Vacuum method was used as the impregnation method. After impregnation and conditioning, the experimental and control samples were tested for mechanical properties such as bending strength, modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, and dynamic bending strength, while physical properties such as air-dry and specific gravity tests were conducted. The highest retention value was found at a 5% concentration (1.13%), the highest air-dry specific gravity value at a 1% concentration (0.56 g/cm³), and the highest air-dry specific gravity at a 1% concentration (0.53 g/cm³). Among the mechanical properties, the highest bending strength value was determined at a 5% concentration (1.13%), the highest modulus of elasticity at 1% (9145 N/mm²), and the dynamic bending strength at a 3% concentration (0.27 kgm/cm²).
Journal Article