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Series A, B, C, and D. See Figures 2-5 and the Appendix for more information.1 Split frame planes have a split, or separation between the upper and lower castings that form the body of the plane. The Series C split frame planes have slide-in screw lock lever caps with large brass screws (Figure 4, Figure 8). Covered with a fair amount of surface rust, it too just barely escaped a trip to the scrap yard and fortunately made its way into a local auction.9 This No. 8 size vertical post jointer plane is 239/16 inches long and 3 inches wide. Unfortunately, at some point in this plane's life, the owner may have stripped the threads of the machine screw that held the toe of the rear tote and then drilled a hole through the sole and replaced the machine screw with a jimmied wood screw.

Stanley's No. 101 Vs type S planes (Figure 9) have the body or bed existing with an \"S\" casting mark located between the cutter supports (Figure 10). Stanley used the \"S\" casting mark to show which contract foundry cast it. When the Stanley Rule & Level Co. merged with the Stanley Works, the type 5 plane body with the \"B\" casting between the cutter supports now had a lightly cast \"178\" behind the cutter supports (Figure 17).

An advanced flexible programming methodology for CNC woodworking machines was developed. As the research starting base, a three-axis CNC woodworking machine was used. The developed methodology is proposed for programming, simulation, postprocessing, and machining by woodworking machine. This flexible programming method integrates the standard programming based on CAD, CAD/CAM systems, and STEP-NC protocol through different output files, enabling data interoperability during the realization of the machining tasks. The control system for the machine is configured based on the open-architecture software LinuxCNC to verify the flexible programming method and the results obtained. Programming verification was realized by simulation on a configured virtual machine in different programming environments and finally on a virtual machine integrated with the control system. The results obtained from the study were evaluated comparatively.

On October 22, 1906, Elmer E. Lutzhoff, an employee of the Marsh Tool Co. filed a patent for \"..maintaining the saw of a miter box in a elevated position therein and out of the way of mouldings and other materials being placed therein to be mitered without detaching the saw therefrom.\" On May 1,1924, the Stanley Works acquired the H.C. Marsh Co. mainly for its miter machines, picture frame vises, and woodworking planes. The main casting also has the stationary jaw marked with inch scales to meet up with the 80-inch wooden maple rule, which also has an orange rule gauge.

In the 1890s, toolmakers in Germany developed a new type folding rule-an edgewise folding rule with friction joints (Figure 2).1 German-born Stanley inventor Justus A. Traut saw a potential market in the United States for this tool that had a new and different arrangement. By 1909, the Stanley Tools, catalog no. 102 featured seventy-eight boxwood and ivory rules and sixty-one ZigZag models. [...]by 1910, Stanley manufactured almost as many models of Zig-Zag rules in various lengths, colors, and markings, as they offered in the boxwood and ivory rules. For additional information see \"The Development of Stanley Zig-Zag Rules,\" 47-65 and \"Stanley Advertising ZigZag Rules, Their Variety and Types,\" 66-71 by Walter W. Jacob in Stanley Woodworking Tools: The Finest Tears, The Early American Industries Association..

At first glance, because of the straight joint between the upper and lower casting and the absence of a lever lock lever cap, one would tend to place this plane in the \"Series C\" group of Bailey's split frame planes.3 But, the plane has other features that seem to place it somewhere betwixt and between the known Bailey split frame planes. The cutting iron, cap iron, and lever cap are held in place by a pan-head machine screw that is inserted into a threaded hole in the frog; the frog is an integral part of the upper casting. 8. 'Series C' Split Frame Jack Plane An examination of a more typical example of a \"Series C\" split frame jack plane (pictured on the left in Figure 2) shows: 1.That it is 2-3/8\" wide and 13-1/2\" long. 2.The side walls on the lower casting are 1-1/8\" tall at their highest point and only 3/16\" thick. The coil spring under the brass washer creates a back pressure on the upper casting and this tension holds the cutting iron firmly in place.

This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the relationship between wood dust exposure and leukemia. The objectives included synthesizing available evidence, assessing its quality, identifying potential sources of heterogeneity, and drawing conclusions regarding the association between wood dust and leukemia. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify studies meeting that report on the association between wood dust and leukemia. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools were employed to ensure robust quality assessment. Meta-analysis, using random-effects models, synthesized evidence from studies with low risk of bias. Overall odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Subgroup analyses explored potential sources of heterogeneity. The meta-analysis included a comprehensive review of various study types, encompassing 7 studies that examined the association between wood dust exposure and leukemia risk. The analysis revealed a statistically significant positive association, with an overall odds ratio (OR) of 1.56 (95% CI: 1.15-2.12). This indicates that individuals exposed to wood dust are 1.56 times more likely to develop leukemia compared to those not exposed, with the 95% confidence interval ranging from 1.15 to 2.12, highlighting a substantial risk elevation across different study designs. Quality assessment using The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools demonstrated a low risk of bias across all included studies, enhancing the credibility of the observed association. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore potential sources of heterogeneity within the studies. Notably, subgroup analysis based on the year of the study revealed significant differences, as indicated by an I^2 value of 87%. The robustness of these results underscores the importance of addressing wood dust exposure as an occupational hazard, particularly in industries related to woodworking and forestry. This meta-analysis provides robust evidence supporting an increased risk of leukemia associated with wood dust exposure implying proactive measures in people exposed to dust.

Makerspaces are on the rise in education facilities at all levels. They offer hands-on training for arts, sciences and engineering; and they support interdisciplinary learning. Makerspace programs are also a result of increased interest and demand for hands-on skilled trades jobs. Welding, electrical line workers, carpenters, HVAC technicians, plumbers and mechanics all require a combination of traditional book learning and hands-on learning. These spaces pose a host of infrastructure, safety and code challenges. This column will discuss strategies for creating safe and successful makerspaces. Metalworking, woodworking, three dimensional (3D) printing, spray painting and laser cutting will all be addressed. Makerspaces can be highly technical and require the engineering team to be engaged early. It is critical to identify space needs early so they can be incorporated into the floor plan. Engineering guidance at the programming and schematic design phases will help ensure the project design schedule is not jeopardized and that spaces are designed for successful educational outcomes.

Wood artefacts rarely survive from the Early Stone Age since they require exceptional conditions for preservation; consequently, we have limited information about when and how hominins used this basic raw material 1 . We report here on the earliest evidence for structural use of wood in the archaeological record. Waterlogged deposits at the archaeological site of Kalambo Falls, Zambia, dated by luminescence to at least 476 ± 23 kyr ago (ka), preserved two interlocking logs joined transversely by an intentionally cut notch. This construction has no known parallels in the African or Eurasian Palaeolithic. The earliest known wood artefact is a fragment of polished plank from the Acheulean site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel, more than 780 ka (refs. 2 , 3 ). Wooden tools for foraging and hunting appear 400 ka in Europe 4 – 8 , China 9 and possibly Africa 10 . At Kalambo we also recovered four wood tools from 390 ka to 324 ka, including a wedge, digging stick, cut log and notched branch. The finds show an unexpected early diversity of forms and the capacity to shape tree trunks into large combined structures. These new data not only extend the age range of woodworking in Africa but expand our understanding of the technical cognition of early hominins 11 , forcing re-examination of the use of trees in the history of technology 12 , 13 . Wooden artefacts from waterlogged deposits in Zambia dating back 477 ka indicate hitherto unknown sophistication in woodworking at an early date.