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A theory of globalization cannot bypass the writings of the most important social scientist, Max Weber. As he mastered all the relevant disciplines, also philosophy, he advanced comparative theories about the major civilisations of the world, emphasizing the scope and range of the type of social action that he named \"instrumental rationality\". He looked upon \"modern capitalism\" as the most developed social system, based upon this type of action, and inquired into its root in religion. Today, the global market economy has made \"modern capitalism\" or economic rationality universal. Yet, a major civilizational difference is to be found in the polities of this world, namely the extent to which they enforce the rule of law, which – it is argued – is the essence of Weber's legal-rational authority.

Purpose:In this paper, I present the results of three studies on editing tests used to screen prospective technical communicators and the error types common to these tests. Because few publically available, authentic examples exist, I first explore the general characteristics of 55 tests and 71 error types. Error types are correlated against 176 professionals' perceptions of these error types. Method: The sample's characteristics were first identified from the tests and the hiring managers. Three raters then independently classified the errors types using coding schemas from previous taxonomies of college-level writing. Finally, a 24-question survey was administered to capture professional communicators' perceptions of error. Results: Editing tests were typically designed in narrative format and evaluated holistically, but variation in administration and format existed. The sample included 3,568 errors and 71 error types. Errors related to wrong words, spelling, and capitalization dominated, but 13 other errors were frequently found as well as dispersed within at least 50% of the sample. Conversely, professionals were bothered most by apostrophe errors, homonyms, and sentence fragments. No significant correlations were found among the frequencies and dispersions of the editing tests' errors and the professionals' perceptions of those errors. Conclusions: Editing tests share common characteristics, but organizational context substantially influences its format and contents. There were consistencies between the editing test error types and types identified in college-writing taxonomies; however, context again influences why errors are introduced as well as the types of errors that were identified. Finally, hiring managers and professionals share different perceptions of error. Understanding these differences can produce better assessment tools and better prepare test takers.

The paper describes a general framework for mining large amounts of text data from a defined set of Web pages. The acquired data are meant to constitute a corpus for training robust and reliable language models and thus the framework needs to also incorporate algorithms for appropriate text processing and duplicity detection in order to secure quality and consistency of the data. As we expect the resulting corpus to be very large, we have also implemented topic detection algorithms that allow us to automatically select subcorpora for domain-specific language models. The description of the framework architecture and the implemented algorithms is complemented with a detailed evaluation section. It analyses the basic properties of the gathered Czech corpus containing more than one billion text tokens collected using the described framework, shows the results of the topic detection methods and finally also describes the design and outcomes of the automatic speech recognition experiments with domain-specific language models estimated from the collected data.

This article provides a re-assessment of Bauman's interpretation of Weber. It refers to this end to Du Gay's critique, which came out in the late 1980s and called into question the accuracy of Bauman's interpretation of Weber as contained in Modernity and the Holocaust. Du Gay objects of Bauman that Weber's ideal type of modern bureaucratic organizations is not incompatible with ethical considerations, and Bauman has therefore misrepresented Weber. The article dwells on and evaluates this objection also in the light of this work, and other and more recent works by Bauman. Bauman has consistently praised Weber for his ability to understand the modern condition, and Bauman considers him as a sociologist of the modern age, but also as an academic outsider. Weber could therefore understand better than other scholars that ‘lighter’ (rather than ‘heavy’) modalities of the capitalist order are conceivable. ‘Lighter capitalism’ is however a trait of Bauman's conception of post modernity (which this article briefly considers), rather than of modernity. Weber has also grasped, according to Bauman, the inconclusiveness of the rationalization process and called attention to a future, which is different from that prefigured by the modernity project. Bauman is accordingly not entirely consistent in considering Weber a sociologist of modernity. It has also been argued here that the scope of Du Gay's critique of Bauman's interpretation of Weber should be extended, as there are for Weber several aspects of modern society that are not compatible with instrumental rationality. In particular, Weber has dwelt on value-rational aspects of modernity — such as the persistence of the values of solidarity and honour in the market, in the workers' unions, and in the bourgeoisie as a status group—which Bauman has neglected to consider.

During the middle decades of the 18th century, the fundamental appearance of texts printed in England underwent a significant change. Books published in London in 1740 were usually printed in \"old style.\" With their employment of heavy capitalization, italics, and small caps, they are still essentially early modern books, their creaking mise-en-pages predicated on an elaborate (if inconsistent) framework of hierarchical differentiation that would not have looked out of place in Cromwell's day. Books published in 1770, on the other hand, were likely to have been printed in the \"new style,\" with a much more restricted use of italics and small caps, and with only the occasional capitalization of words that were not proper nouns. Within 15 years, following the abandonment of the long s and its affiliated ligatures in John Bell's edition of Shakespeare in 1785, most books printed in England began to present modern textual layouts to their readers, essentially providing the kind of encounter with the printed page with which people are familiar today. Here, Wendorf examines the declaration, drafting, and composition of the American Independence.

Commodity production correspondingly is taken to mean production for the market or, more generally, production for exchange, in which case production for barter, the jajmani system prevailing within the Indian village for millennia, the small shops in the local market of a mofussil town which have carried on for generations passing from father to son, and modern capitalist production undertaken by large multinational corporations, are all subsumed under the term commodity production. Commodity production therefore is characterised by competition among the producers, and this necessarily implies that some producers outcompete others. Since the size of the firm is an important determinant of competitive strength, this usually entails that the large firms drive out the smaller ones over time, giving rise to a process of concentration.

Modern editions of medieval texts, with their cleanness and clarity, offer ease in reading yet often eliminate the interpretive signposts that would have guided the medieval reader: capitals, parafs, large rubrics, and smaller secondary rubrication. Because traditional editions do not reproduce such features, these visual reading cues tend to remain invisible to people even when they are given the opportunity to see the page in its entirety. Rubrication is one of these visual cues. Most manuscripts that contain rubrication include two types: large red lettering used for Latin and textual divisions, and smaller red-ink touches on the regular ink. Here, Phillips argues that the scribe's rubrication brings one of Langland's central questions to the fore.

Words should be chosen and used carefully so that they convey the meaning or meanings that you intend—and do not convey any unintended or double meanings. Writing should leave little ambiguity or uncertainty about what you are referring to—unless some purposeful ambiguity is desired. Sometimes words that are abstract or superficial may be chosen to suit the writer's purpose. For example, there is a long tradition of euphemistic writing. But such use of words should be well-considered and deliberate, not the result of carelessness or indifference.