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"World systems"
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Migration as a Prelude to Hegemony
The purpose of this article is to discuss the role of migration processes to changes in the world-system. We highlight the significance of these processes and their impact through a comparative historical perspective. By using an approach based on an integrated comparison, two cases are compared: the rise of the early modern Dutch state to hegemony and the corresponding rise to hegemony by the United States in the twentieth century. In presenting secondary sources on the two cases, we argue that neither expansion had been possible without a significant inflow of labor and skills carried by migrants. There seems to be a strong correlation between migration and changes in the world-system in general and the rise to hegemonic status in particular. By analyzing long-term processes like migration and its role in energizing and stimulating changes in the world-system, we argue, in line with the new economics of migration, that previous economic explanations to the rise of hegemony can be qualified. We also argue that the use of integrated comparison in the way we tentatively do in this paper can be fruitful in better understanding historical processes and their impact on power relations and economic relations in the world-system.
Journal Article
Web GIS : principles and applications
This book offers a balance of principles, concepts, and techniques to guide readers toward an understanding of how the World Wide Web can expand and modernize the way you use GIS technology.--[book cover]
Book
Probing the interfaces between the social sciences and social-ecological resilience
Social scientists, and scholars in related interdisciplinary fields, have critiqued resilience thinking’s oversimplification of social dimensions of coupled social-ecological systems. Resilience scholars have countered with “where is the ecology” in social analyses? My aim is to contribute to current efforts to strengthen inter- and transdisciplinary debate and inquiry between the social-ecological resilience community and the social sciences. I synthesize three social science perspectives, which stress the complex, dynamic, and multiscalar interconnections between the biophysical and social realms in explaining social-environmental change, and which place both the social and ecology centre stage in their analyses: materio-spatial world systems analysis, critical realist political ecology, and actor-network theory. By integrating, in a nondeterministic and nonessentialist manner, the biophysical environment into social inquiries (integrative approaches) or by altogether abolishing the ecology/nature and human/culture divide (hybrid perspectives), these three social-science perspectives are well placed to foster stronger inter- and transdisciplinary ties with social-ecological resilience. Materio-spatial world systems analysis is highly compatible with resilience thinking. The emphasis on world systems structures and processes offers the potential to enrich resilience analyses of global environmental change, global governance and stewardship, planetary boundaries, and multiscale resilience. Critical realist political ecology offers avenues for more in-depth interdisciplinary inquiries around local/traditional/indigenous knowledge systems and power. It also challenges resilience scholars to incorporate critical analyses of resilience’s core concepts and practices. Actor-network theory proposes a very different starting point for understanding and assessing social-ecological resilience. Its focus on “resilience-in-the-making” offers unique insights but also pushes the conceptual boundaries of resilience thinking.
Journal Article
The Economic Gains and Environmental Losses of US Consumption: A World-Systems and Input-Output Approach
Although research has shown that countries' world-systems positions can predict levels of pollution and wealth, there has been little research looking at how consumption in the core triggers both pollution and wealth elsewhere in the world economy. In this article, we track how consumption in the United States, a core country, triggers value added and pollution throughout global commodity chains. We track these distributions for all commodities and services consumed in the United States, then for six commodity groupings, and finally for two case studies, \"Motor Vehicles\" and \"Wearing Apparel.\" Our findings show how the production of commodities for US consumption tends to reify inequalities in the world-system: Larger shares of value added (in comparison to shares of pollution) are generally prompted within the core, whereas the opposite effect tends to be experienced in the non-core. We also discuss interesting exceptions to these general trends occurring at different levels of analysis. Finally, we draw special attention to China, the elephant in the room that exhibits both core and peripheral characteristics.
Journal Article
World-Systems Analysis and Archaeology: Continuing the Dialogue
Many archaeologists have used world-systems analysis in precapitalist settings. Some have criticized it; others have dismissed it out of hand. Critiques include that it was developed for the \"modern\" world, that it is overly economistic, that it neglects individual actors, and that it inappropriately uses modern analyses in ancient settings. Although there is some validity to these charges when applied to Wallerstein's original formulation, most are misdirected. The critiques are rooted in inattention to the last three decades of work on world-systems, especially modifications made with the explicit intention to make world-systems analysis useful in precapitalist settings. Newer comparative versions of world-systems analysis were initially developed to better understand the evolution of world-systems that gave rise to the modern world-system. These new advances are useful for the study of interregional interactions and long-term development. Archaeologists are well placed to contribute to the further development of world-systems analysis; they can shed light on ancient world-systemic processes and the origins of the modern world-system, provide empirical backing for hypotheses, and raise new theoretical and empirical questions.
Journal Article
Lessons learned from World Bank education management information system operations : portfolio review 1998-2014
Provides an overview of the World Bank's portfolio in the area of Education Management Information Systems (EMISs) over the course of 17 years, from 1998 to 2014. It seeks to identify overall trends and characteristics of World Bank support in this area, with the intent of informing future project preparation and analytical work. The portfolio review revealed that although several good practices were evident, operational performance of EMIS activities fell short of expectations, with widespread deficiencies that ranged from unclear definitions and understanding of the EMIS to ineffective implementation and utilization. Examples of successful activities include the development of an EMIS to manage teachers and provide access to education (for example, Afghanistan); utilization of an EMIS as a management tool (for example, Bosnia and Herzegovina); creation of an online EMIS to improve access to education data (for example, Honduras); use of an EMIS to strengthen teaching and learning (for example, Guatemala and Lithuania); and use of an EMIS as a management tool for schools (for example, Malaysia). These success stories highlight how a well-implemented EMIS can improve the performance of an education system. The challenges that have been identified as contributing to the shortcomings are related to the following: Misalignment of activities and unrealistic EMIS goals; Institutionalization of the EMIS; Sustainability challenges resulting from inconsistent leadership; Missed integration opportunities; Private players in education; EMIS at the local level. Future projects could benefit from the SABER (Systems Approach for Better Education Results)-EMIS Assessment Framework. The SABER-EMIS Framework focuses on the need for a strong enabling environment, system soundness, quality data, and effective utilization as the key factors essential for the successful implementation of an EMIS. Initial needs assessment of a country's EMIS can play a critical role in benchmarking countries and provide a valuable foundation for the design of new projects.
Book
Translation and the Political Economy of Global Knowledge Production
The translation of contemporary Arab thought has received scant scholarly attention in recent translation theory. This paper explores the status of translating contemporary Arab thought, offering a macro socio-economic analysis based on the basic assumption that translation forms a global system. Translation production and reception processes occur between asymmetric languages in an interdependent “world translation system,” organized by a core-periphery model with hypercentral, central, semi-central, and peripheral languages. The world-system has created an “international division of labor” in knowledge production, impacting the demand for certain languages and texts while neglecting others. The paper further examines the Arab nation’s position in the world-system, contextualizes knowledge production, language, and translation in its peripheral position which largely reflect its peripheral position. It scrutinizes the translation landscape of contemporary Arab thought English translations of books by eighteen contemporary Arab thinkers, analyzing volume, themes, publishers, and sponsorship. The paper employs reasonably straightforward theoretical-methodological approaches, with the Amazon website serving as the primary data source. The paper concludes that the characteristics of translating contemporary Arab thought are essentially a reflection of the Arab nation’s and Arabic language’s position in the global system and mostly confirm the characteristics of the world translation system.
Journal Article