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ISOFORM-SPECIFIC FUNCTION OF C. ELEGANS TAU, PTL-1
Abstract
As life expectancy increases with technological advancements, age-related dementia disorders, such as tauopathies, have become more rampant, impacting over 50 million people worldwide. Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases catalyzed by the dysregulation of tau protein in the brain. Alzheimer’s disease, the most common tauopathy, has impacted more than 6 million Americans in 2023. It has been speculated that within tauopathies, dysregulation only occurs in specific tau isoforms. After alternative splicing, two types of tau isoforms (one with three microtubule-binding repeats and one with four microtubule-binding repeats) may cause functional differences within the brain. A protein in C. elegans called PTL-1 was discovered to have similar microtubule-binding repeats in its isoforms. In this project, worms with two types of PTL-1 isoforms (PTL-1A and PTL-1B) and wild type worms were aged and consistently tested for their touch sensitivity and speed to document whether certain microtubule-binding repeats negatively impact function. It was found that PTL-1A worms lost speed and touch sensitivity at an expedited rate compared to the other two samples of worms. It was also found that some PTL-1A worms developed abnormal branches throughout their exons. These findings suggest that PTL-1A overexpression might cause morphological defects. These study results will assist in the development of tauopathy research and can be applied in evaluating how isoforms impact the genetic spread of neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal Article
Worm
A richly illustrated celebration of the mysterious world of worms in science and culture. This book celebrates the mysterious world of worms from gardens to toothaches and beyond. Kevin Butt introduces all manner of worms, including many that bear only superficial resemblance to our limbless, sinuous friends in the dirt. To trace the intimate history between worms and people, he discusses worms that live in bodies, soil, and water as well as worms from literature and mythology. Throughout the ages, worms have been portrayed as benign, even beautiful, yet at other times spitefully ostracized as deadly creatures. This richly illustrated book looks at the microscopic and the very large indeed, asking what the future holds for both human- and worm-kind.
eBook
250-year-old tube worms!
Tube worms are some of the strangest-looking creatures of the deep sea, not to mention they live in some of the most inhospitable places on Earth. Young readers will love discovering just how these freaky animals not only live, but thrive for centuries. Discoveries are happening constantly these days, as new technologies finally allow scientists to explore the deep sea's cold seeps and hydrothermal vents.
Book
The worm
Shares information on the earthworm with graphic illustrations and fact-filled text that traces its extensive history as well as its habitats, anatomy, and behaviors. In addition to the visual gags, the author includes basic facts about the creepers, such as their ability to sense light without eyes, the manner in which they get around, and the food they like to eat.
Book
Mickey the mealworm
A mealworm is an insect! That's what Mickey the mealworm wants everyone to know as he wiggles around as a larva, awaiting his great transformation. Readers follow this funny and relatable character as he grows from misunderstood larva to a pupa, and finally, a beetle... This fictional story is full of information about life cycles, as well as mealworm and beetle anatomy, habitat, and behavior.
Book
Soil chemistry turned upside down
Recent studies have shown that invasive earthworms can dramatically reduce native biodiversity, both above and below the ground. However, we still lack a synthetic understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind these changes, such aswhether earthwormeffects on soil chemical properties drive such relationships. Here, we investigated the effects of invasive earthworms on soil chemical properties (pH, water content, and the stocks and fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) by conducting a meta-analysis. Invasive earthworms generally increased soil pH, indicating that the removal of organic layers and the upward transport of more base-rich mineral soil caused a shift in soil pH. Moreover, earthworms significantly decreased soil water content, suggesting that the burrowing activities of earthworms may have increased water infiltration of and/or increased evapotranspiration from soil. Notably, invasive earthworms had opposing effects on organic and mineral soil for carbon and nitrogen stocks, with decreases in organic, and increases in mineral soil. Nitrogen fluxes were higher in mineral soil, whereas fluxes in organic soil were not significantly affected by the presence of invasive earthworms, indicating that earthworms mobilize and redistribute nutrients among soil layers and increase overall nitrogen loss from the soil. Invasive earthworm effects on element stocks increased with ecological group richness only in organic soil. Earthworms further decreased ammonium stocks with negligible effects on nitrate stocks in organic soil, whereas they increased nitrate stocks but not ammonium stocks in mineral soil. Notably, all of these results were consistent across forest and grassland ecosystems underlining the generality of our findings. However, we found some significant differences between studies that were conducted in the field (observational and experimental settings) and in the lab, such as that the effects on soil pH decreased from field to lab settings, calling for a careful interpretation of lab findings. Our meta-analysis provides strong empirical evidence that earthworm invasion may lead to substantial changes in soil chemical properties and element cycling in soil. Furthermore, our results can help explain the dramatic effects of invasive earthworms on native biodiversity, for example, shifts towards the dominance of grass species over herbaceous ones, as shown by recent meta-analyses.
Journal Article