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As advertisers continue to develop new formats of online content that blurs the line between advertising and news or entertainment, the need to understand how consumers process covert advertising grows. While regulators and industry practitioners agree that transparency is paramount to preventing consumer deception, there exists no established way of determining the extent to which a given message transparently conveys to consumers that is a paid advertisement. The current study makes the case for, develops, and validates a scale to measure sponsorship transparency. Following traditional scale development methods, the study generates a pool of items based on consumer and expert input, reduces the number of items based on empirical research, and evaluates scale validity and reliability using a diverse national sample.

Access to finance is essential for fostering financial inclusion, improving household economic well-being, and stimulating economic growth. However, if not prudently managed, it can become a double-edged sword, increasing the risk of over-indebtedness, particularly among low-income households. This paper investigates the borrowing behavior of rural households in Egypt, exploring whether it is motivated by the optimization of intertemporal consumption or reflects deeper financial vulnerabilities. The study enhances our understanding of rural households’ financial behavior in Egypt and contributes to the literature by introducing perceived general self-efficacy as a key behavioral factor. The paper employs a quantitative methodology using a probit analysis of the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey to explore the factors affecting the demand for formal loans, informal borrowing, and Rotating Saving and Credit Associations (RoSCAs). The results show that informal credit plays a dominant role in meeting rural households’ financial needs. A significant positive relationship between formal and informal credit suggests they are complementary. Elderly, married, less educated, and poorer individuals are more likely to seek both forms of credit, with employment stability being a key differentiator. Self-efficacy also has a significant positive effect. No significant regional differences are observed, except in the case of informal borrowing, with rural households in Upper Egypt showing less reliance, suggesting that social image may influence financial behavior in this region. The results suggest that demand for credit is driven by economic and financial vulnerability of rural households. The paper highlights key policy implications. First, to enhance participation in formal credit market, credit policies should offer more affordable, tailored credit relevant to starting a business rather than financing consumption, part of which is conspicuous. Second, the low self-efficacy among the rural poor suggests a need for policies that combine credit access with financial literacy and debt management support to prevent over-indebtedness.

Patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection frequently complain of symptoms akin to the chronic fatigue syndrome and score worse on health-related quality of life indices than matched controls. We address the hypothesis that HCV itself affects cerebral function. Using proton magnetic-resonance spectroscopy we have shown elevations in basal ganglia and white matter choline/creatine ratios in patients with histologically-mild hepatitis C, compared with healthy volunteers and patients with hepatitis B. This elevation is unrelated to hepatic encephalopathy or a history of intravenous drug abuse, and suggests that a biological process underlies the extrahepatic symptoms in chronic HCV infection.

\"We are incredibly excited about the player [Peter Wright] can become,\" said [Scott Clayton], who described Wright as a \"once-in-a-decade player\" when drafted in 2015.

\"It was a decision, which in my view, was always going to get done,\" said [Peter Wright], affectionately known as \"Two Metre Peter\". \"We are incredibly excited about the player Peter can become,\" said [Scott Clayton], who described Wright as a \"once-in-a-decade player\" when drafted in 2015. \"And with [Barry Hall] now working with him and our other key position players we think he has enormous upside.\"

MELBOURNE, March 1 AAP - Gold Coast have had major doses of contrasting AFL news, securing Peter Wright's contract extension but losing David Swallow for up to half this season. \"I couldn't see him playing until close to mid-year, but it might be anywhere from round eight onwards and it could be 10, 12 - we don't know.

Australian darts Wizard Simon Whitlock has missed a golden opportunity to reach a third world championship final, losing to Peter Wright in the semi-finals.

Company founders Lang Hancock and Peter Wright teamed up to explore for iron ore in WA's Pilbara region in the late 1950s, working under an informal arrangement until 1978, when they formalised their partnership.

Company founders Lang Hancock and Peter Wright teamed up to explore for iron ore in WA's Pilbara region in the late 1950s, working under an informal arrangement until 1978, when they formalised their partnership.