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We use exogenous scheduling of Wall Street Journal columnists to identify a causal relation between financial reporting and stock market performance. To measure the media's unconditional effect, we add columnist fixed effects to a daily regression of excess Dow Jones Industrial Average returns. Relative to standard control variables, these fixed effects increase the R² by about 35%, indicating each columnist's average persistent \"bullishness\" or \"bearishness.\" To measure the media's conditional effect, we interact columnist fixed effects with lagged returns. This increases explanatory power by yet another one-third, and identifies amplification or attenuation of prevailing sentiment as a tool used by financial journalists.

This study investigated 2- and 3-year-olds' personal interests as a possible source of variation in preschool writing activities. Structured observations of the play behaviors of 11 preschool children in a childcare classroom were conducted one to two days per week for one school year. These data were analyzed to determine choices of play activities, material use, and play actions for each of the children. Naturalistic data collection techniques (e.g., participant observation, video recording, field notes) were used to record the children's participation at the classroom writing table two to four days per week. Video transcripts were microanalyzed to identify the children's preferred types of writing activities. Findings indicated that patterns in the preschoolers' profiles of play behaviors reflected conceptual, procedural, creative, or socially oriented interests and that their personal interest orientations were related to ways they participated in emergent writing activities. Children with conceptual interests used writing to explore and record ideas on topics of personal interest. Children with procedural interests explored how writing worked and practiced conventional literacy (e.g., writing alphabet letters). Children with creative interests explored writing materials to generate new literacy processes and new uses for materials. Children with socially oriented interests used writing to mediate joint social interaction and aligned their activity choices with those of other participants. These findings suggest that children's personal interests help shape their transactions with people, materials, and activities, resulting in different profiles of early writing experiences.

This article establishes that the discursive parts of the earliest known mathematical manuscripts in Chinese were composed of (at least) two types of elements, marked by two types of texts. The manuscripts alternate continuous text, and text for numerical tables (what I call table-relations). I show that in these manuscripts, the latter were written down as ‘textual tables,’ and that two basic types of style were used for these textual tables. By contrast, tabular layouts have been used for a Qin period object and a Dunhuang manuscript carrying numerical tables. I suggest that these artifacts should be interpreted as computing tools. I further argue that, at least from the eleventh century onwards, diagrammatic tables were introduced into mathematical writings. They were used to write down new types of numerical tables. Diagrammatic features of such texts, like horizontal, vertical and oblique lines, played a key part in the reading, interpretation and use of these table-relations. In this sense, they can be compared with the Qin computing tool. I conclude that the fact that in Song-Yuan times these diagrammatic tables are referred to as ‘diagramtu圖’ curiously echoes with the history of visual tools attested to in relation to mathematical activity in China.

This article describes some of the foundational social contracts about written texts that two-year-olds and their teachers were negotiating in a U.S. preschool writing center. Social contracts are shared cultural knowledge that individuals draw on to produce and use written texts in culturally appropriate ways. Participants in this study were 18 two-year-olds, two classroom teachers, and a teacher-researcher, all of whom were white and middle class. Data were collected over nine months using ethnographic methods. Analyses showed that these two-year-olds and their teachers negotiated social contracts related to the physical properties of texts (e.g., text boundaries and figure--ground distinctions), the representational systems of art and writing (e.g., the distinctive forms and meanings of writing and drawing), and relations between people and text objects (e.g., text ownership and obligations to read texts). The term social contracts is used to draw attention to the ways children's knowledge about writing is socially negotiated, collectively constructed, and linked to local writing practices.

Numerical evidence relevant to the evaluation of the constant k₃ in the conjectural distribution of three-prime Carmichael numbers of Granville and Pomerance (2001) is summarised.

This study builds on extant replicable, aggregable, and data-supported (RAD) research to posit and examine correlations between writing center intervention and improved student writing. The authors review three decades of quantitative writing center scholarship and provide data resulting from four writing center assessments. These assessments include two pre- and post-intervention studies and two intervention/non-intervention studies. Results are mixed. The pre- and post-intervention studies show statistically significant improvements in student writing. The intervention/non-intervention studies show considerable to limited improvements in student writing. Possible reasons for these results are discussed, including study protocols, self-selection bias, and the difficulty of imposing controls. Impacts on the practice of one writing center are shared, and suggestions for further research are provided.

Prior research reveals that write-offs of long-lived assets are both large in magnitude and frequent in occurrence. Responding to calls for enhanced reporting of these items, the FASB issued SFAS No. 121, Accounting for the Impairment of Long-Lived Assets. However, its effect on the characteristics of reported write-offs remains unclear, as implementation requires inherently subjective estimates. Further, critics (including dissenting FASB board members and the SEC) question the standard's guidance. Motivated in part by this debate, this paper contrasts the characteristics of write-offs reported prior versus subsequent to the issuance of SFAS No. 121. Empirical results reveal that economic factors have a weaker association with write-offs reported after SFAS No. 121. This is consistent across macro, industry, and firm-specific variables. Results also indicate a higher association between write-offs and \"big bath\" reporting behavior after the standard's implementation, and that this \"big bath\" behavior more likely reflects opportunistic reporting by managers rather than the provision of their private information. These inferences are robust to a number of alternative specifications and variable definitions. Overall, the results suggest the reporting of write-offs under SFAS No. 121 has decreased in quality, consistent with criticisms of the standard.

Stallybrass et al discusses Hamlet's tables and the technologies of writing in Renaissance England. The book that Hamlet refers to would need to have three material features: first, it must be small enough to be portable; second, it must be easily held so that it can be used while standing; and third, it must be erasable. To write with ink, the actor would need to hold a notebook, pen, and an inkhorn at the same time.