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"Yew"
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Propagation for conserving endangered taxol producing tree Taxus sumatrana through shoot cuttings technique
Taxus sumatrana or commonly known as Sumatran yew is native endangered taxol producing trees from Indonesia and promising drug for cancer source. Due to very limited and restricted natural growing habitat, small population size and the tendency of habitat deterioration, their sustainable occurrence is facing a serious threats. Urgent task for conserving this species was needed. Shoot cutting is promising methods for solving natural regeneration problems of this species. This research was conducted to determine appropriate shoot cutting technique for propagating the species and hence conserving Sumatran yew. Completely Randomized Design Factorial with 2 factors and 20 replications was used in this research. The first factor was cutting medium the second factor was auxin addition. The observed parameters were survival rate, rooting percentage, primary root number and primary root length. The result showed that the percentage of rooted cuttings were varied from 50 to 65 percent depend on the treatment. Cutting media and auxin treatment significantly only affected primary root number. Combination of soil and husk with auxin addition produced the highest rooting percentage.
Journal Article
From biodiversity hotspot to conservation hotspot: assessing distribution, population structure, associated flora and habitat geography of threatened Himalayan Yew in temperate forest ecosystems of Kashmir
The Himalayan Yew (Taxus wallichiana Zucc.) holds a pivotal role in the delicate ecosystems of the moist temperate forests in the Himalayan region, boasting substantial conservation value. The current study was designed to investigate the distribution pattern, community structure, phytosociological attributes, associated flora and conservation of Taxus wallichiana in the temperate forests of the state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) Pakistan. Objectives included the creation of GIS-based maps for a detailed representation of Taxus wallichiana distribution in AJK and the identification of its highly fragmented and rapidly dwindling habitats for strategic conservation management. Data was meticulously gathered from 51 temperate forest sites across 6 districts in AJK using quadrate-based systematic sampling. Site selection was based on thorough preliminary surveys of Yew populations in the region. Yew populations at the sampled sites exhibited an average stem density of 371 trees/ha with average basal area cover of 132.12 cm. The species showed extremely low regeneration of 3.35/ha. Floristic inventory revealed a total of 154 plant species belonging to 113 Genera and 50 families as associated flora in the Taxus wallichiana populations. The average values of Simpson's diversity index were recorded as 0.97, Shannon’s Diversity as 3.71, Menhinick’s species richness as 1.21, Pielou’s species evenness as 2.13 whereas community maturity index was 54.26%. Analysis of Life form and Leaf size classes showed that herbaceous Hemicryptophytic microphyllous taxa dominated the local flora. GIS analysis revealed North Facing slopes with moderate degree of steepness and having concave curvature in the moist temperate forest zone as the main habitat of the Taxus wallichiana. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) showed that the species was distributed in an altitudinal range of 1900–2800 m. Significant levels of deforestation recorded as 3.18 Yew stumps/ha synchronized with over grazing and erosion in the study area posing serious threat to the Taxus populations which can lead to local extinction of this species. Through GIS analysis, we precisely mapped both robust and imperiled Taxus populations in AJK, offering vital insights for the conservation management of this species. Cluster Analysis and Pearson’s correlation revealed significant associations among the investigated variables and sampling sites. We urgently recommend immediate conservation measures to safeguard the imperiled Yew populations in the AJK region.
Journal Article
The complete mitochondrial genome of Taxus cuspidata (Taxaceae): eight protein-coding genes have transferred to the nuclear genome
Background
Gymnosperms represent five of the six lineages of seed plants. However, most sequenced plant mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) have been generated for angiosperms, whereas mitogenomic sequences have been generated for only six gymnosperms. In particular, complete mitogenomes are available for all major seed plant lineages except Conifer II (non-Pinaceae conifers or Cupressophyta), an important lineage including six families, which impedes a comprehensive understanding of the mitogenomic diversity and evolution in gymnosperms.
Results
Here, we report the complete mitogenome of
Taxus cuspidata
in Conifer II. In comparison with previously released gymnosperm mitogenomes, we found that the mitogenomes of
Taxus
and
Welwitschia
have lost many genes individually, whereas all genes were identified in the mitogenomes of
Cycas
,
Ginkgo
and Pinaceae. Multiple tRNA genes and introns also have been lost in some lineages of gymnosperms, similar to the pattern observed in angiosperms. In general, gene clusters could be less conserved in gymnosperms than in angiosperms. Moreover, fewer RNA editing sites were identified in the
Taxus
and
Welwitschia
mitogenomes than in other mitogenomes, which could be correlated with fewer introns and frequent gene losses in these two species.
Conclusions
We have sequenced the
Taxus cuspidata
mitogenome, and compared it with mitogenomes from the other four gymnosperm lineages. The results revealed the diversity in size, structure, gene and intron contents, foreign sequences, and mutation rates of gymnosperm mitogenomes, which are different from angiosperm mitogenomes.
Journal Article
Lee Kuan Yew through the eyes of Chinese scholars
\"A compilation of essays by highly-respected Chinese scholars in which they evaluate the life, work and philosophy of Lee Kuan Yew, founding Prime Minister of Singapore. Presenting a range of views from a uniquely Chinese/Asian perspective, this book provides valuable insights for those who wish to gain a fuller and deeper understanding of Lee Kuan Yew, the man, as well as Singapore, his nation\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Five Species of ITaxus/I Karyotype Based on Oligo-FISH for 5S rDNA and sub.3
As a relict plant, Taxus is used in a variety of medicinal ingredients, for instance to treat a variety of cancers. Taxus plants are difficult to distinguish from one another due to their similar morphology; indeed, some species of Taxus cytogenetic data still are unclear. Oligo-FISH can rapidly and efficiently provide insight into the genetic composition and karyotype. This is important for understanding the organization and evolution of chromosomes in Taxus species. We analysed five Taxus species using two oligonucleotide probes. (AG[sub.3] T[sub.3] )[sub.3] signals were distributed at the chromosome ends and the centromere of five species of Taxus. The 5S rDNA signal was displayed on two chromosomes of five species of Taxus. In addition to Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, 5S rDNA signals were found proximal in the remaining four species, which signals a difference in its location. The karyotype formula of Taxus wallichiana was 2n = 2x = 24m, its karyotype asymmetry index was 55.56%, and its arm ratio was 3.0087. Taxus × media’s karyotype formula was 2n = 2x = 24m, its karyotype asymmetry index was 55.09%, and its arm ratio was 3.4198. The karyotype formula of Taxus yunnanensis was 2n = 2x = 24m, its karyotype asymmetry index was 55.56%, and its arm ratio was 2.6402. The karyotype formula of Taxus cuspidate was 2n = 2x = 24m, its karyotype asymmetry index was 54.67%, its arm ratio was 3.0135, and two chromosomes exhibited the 5S rDNA signal. The karyotype formula of T. wallichiana var. mairei was 2n= 2x = 22m + 2sm, its karyotype asymmetry index was 54.33%, and its arm ratio was 2.8716. Our results provide the karyotype analysis and physical genetic map of five species of Taxus, which contributes to providing molecular cytogenetics data for Taxus.
Journal Article
Successful Organ Donation After Yew Intoxication
After a brief, successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with application of activated charcoal was performed, and the patient was transferred to a higher-level care facility. The treatment, after ROSC, addressed a post-cardiac arrest syndrome, with persistent hemodynamic instability, renal failure, and a prolonged metabolic acidosis. No long-term effects of taxanes are known, and none were observed in the transplanted organs. [...]ECLS is not only the option with most evidence in therapy of yew intoxications, it also provides an option to optimize organ protective intensive care therapy towards organ donation. Ethics statement Written informed consent was not obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article because the study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of the University of Leipzig, Germany (reference number 308/24-ek) and was conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements.
Journal Article