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"Young women Employment China."
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Intersectional analysis of discrimination on perceived job insecurity among young Chinese women—based on FsQCA method
Many studies have focused on the impact of discrimination based on various identities on perceived job insecurity, but few have considered the cumulative effect of multiple forms of discrimination on young Chinese women’s perceived job insecurity. By employing an intersectional analytical framework and utilizing data from the Chinese social survey 2021, this paper applies necessary condition analysis (NCA) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) as research methodologies. The study examines the intersectional effects of six types of discrimination and identifies key configurational pathways that influence perceived job insecurity among young women. The findings reveal that none of the six types of discrimination can be considered a necessary condition for high perceived job insecurity individually; rather, it is the combined impact of different discrimination combinations that leads to increased perceived job insecurity. Through a comprehensive analysis of multiple discrimination configurations, the study identifies four distinct types of pathways that contribute to young women’s lack of perceived job security. These pathways include dual discrimination intersections such as age-hukou, hukou-education background, and age-occupation, as well as a triple discrimination intersection pattern of age-gender-hukou. Furthermore, the comparative analysis within this study indicates that age and hukou discrimination have a more significant influence on perceived job insecurity among young women compared to other forms of discrimination. This study enriches research on the intersecting effects of multiple employment discrimination on young women’s job insecurity. It also delivers essential insights for enhancing Chinese young females’ employment quality and fertility intentions.
Journal Article
The dilemma between fertility and work: How did the Universal Two-Child policy affect Chinese women’s labor income?
Based on China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) data from 2012 to 2020, we estimate the effect of the \"Universal Two-Child\" (UTC) policy on women’s employment income in China by the Difference-in-Difference (DID) model. Our results show that the UTC policy leads to an average decrease of 20.86% in women’s employment income. Moreover, we reveal the mediation effect in the impact of the UTC policy on women’s income and find that the UTC policy leads to a decrease in women’s income by reducing their working hours and hourly wages. Furthermore, we find that the negative impacts of the UTC policy on women’s employment income are greater among women under 35 years old and those without a bachelor’s degree.
Journal Article
Pull motivation and well-being as drivers of entrepreneurial success: The moderating role of social capital
This study examines the interplay between entrepreneurial motivation, mental well-being (MWB), and business performance, with a focus on the moderating role of bridging social capital among female entrepreneurs in China. Drawing on Conservation of Resources (COR) and Social Capital theories, the research highlights the critical role of pull motivation in fostering MWB, which subsequently enhances business performance. The findings, based on moderated mediation analysis, reveal that MWB mediates the relationship between pull motivation and business performance, and this mediation effect is amplified in contexts with higher levels of bridging social capital. The study makes several contributions. Theoretically, it extends COR theory by illustrating how resource gain spirals initiated by intrinsic motivation led to psychological and business success. It also enriches Social Capital theory by demonstrating how expansive social networks facilitate entrepreneurial outcomes. Practically, the findings underscore the importance of fostering intrinsic motivation and building diverse social networks to support female entrepreneurs. The results hold implications for policymakers and practitioners aiming to enhance women’s entrepreneurial well-being and performance, particularly in socio-cultural contexts that impose unique challenges. Despite its contributions, the study has limitations. The cross-sectional design restricts causal inference, and the findings are contextualized within the Chinese entrepreneurial ecosystem, which may limit generalizability. Future research should explore longitudinal designs and expand the scope to other cultural and economic settings. By addressing these areas, scholars can further unravel the complex dynamics of motivation, well-being, and social capital in entrepreneurship.
Journal Article
China's E-Commerce: Empowering Rural Women?
This article employs a feminist political economy perspective to explore the connection between e-commerce, entrepreneurship and gender in rural China. It discusses gendered engagement with, and discourses of, the new digital economy represented by Taobao villages, and asks: how has the success of rural e-commerce impacted the evolving gender mandate and hierarchy in a competitive market economy in rural China? Has rural women's participation in digital economic activities changed their gendered roles and the patriarchal structure in their family and village? This article argues that women's socioeconomic enablement does not necessarily translate into cultural and political empowerment. The enabling potential of female entrepreneurship is tempered by traditional constraints on women and digital capitalist exploitation of their cheap, flexible and docile labour. 本文采用女性主义政治经济学的视角，分析了中国农村社会中电子商务、企业家精神和性别之间的联系。我们探讨了以淘宝村为代表的新兴数字经济中，女性的参与程度和话语权。文章围绕以下问题展开讨论：（1）农村电子商务的发展和成功如何影响女性在市场经济中的作用和地位？（2）农村妇女积极参与数字经济活动，这能否改变她们在家庭中的地位，并撼动中国农村的父权制结构？本文认为，妇女在社会经济上的赋能并不必然会带来文化与政治上的赋权；通过农村电子商务而产生出来的女性企业家精神，受制于传统结构中对女性的限制，女性同时沦为受数字资本剥削的廉价、灵活且温顺的劳动力。
Journal Article
Risk factors associated with current intimate partner violence at individual and relationship levels: a cross-sectional study among married rural migrant women in Shanghai, China
ObjectiveTo identify individual and relationship risk factors associated with current intimate partner violence (IPV) against married rural migrant women in Shanghai, China.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingTwo subdistricts of one administrative district, Shanghai, China.ParticipantsA total of 958 married rural migrant women of reproductive age were selected using a community-based two-stage cluster sampling method in April and May of 2010.Outcome measuresData were collected using a modified questionnaire based on an instrument from the WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence against Women. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% CI from a multivariable logistic regression model were estimated to identify individual and relationship risk factors associated with different types of violence in the past 12 months.ResultsWomen’s low financial autonomy was associated with all types of violence (AORs ranged from 1.98 to 7.89, p<0.05). Quarrelling with husband was a very strong risk factor (AORs >6, p<0.05) for both emotional violence and any violence. Experience of job change in the past year (AOR=4.03, 95% CI 1.57 to 10.35) and history of husband being abused (AOR=4.67, 95% CI 2.17 to 7.69) were strongly associated with physical or sexual violence.ConclusionWomen’s low financial autonomy and unstable employment status at an individual level, quarrelling with husband and history of husband beaten by family members at a relationship level were identified as the most robust risk factors for IPV among married rural migrant women. Efforts to prevent IPV among this population should be made to involve both women and their husbands, with a focus on improving financial autonomy and employment status of women, promoting problem-solving and interaction skills of the couples and changing their knowledge and attitudes towards gender norms and IPV.
Journal Article
Online business: ambitious daughters and their suspicious career in China?
Purpose
Online business can be an attractive career choice but bears gendered implications under China’s market economy. This study aims to examine how highly educated young women negotiate their career choice of online business, given their enhanced career ambitions and the persisting conservative views of their parents. It is to be examined how these factors interact in shaping women’s strategies and commitment to their nonconventional careers.
Design/methodology/approach
The study draws on 23 interviews with 18 women involved in online business. The interviews were coded by themes about how women perceive and make career choices to enter online business, the influence of various motivations (e.g., economic security, decency, autonomy and earning potential) and women’s interactions with their parents under gendered social expectations. The study analyzes and categorizes women’s varied strategies and levels of commitment in taking up online business, an attractive but suspicious career for highly educated young women.
Findings
The study finds that some women chose to conduct online business as a secondary job behind their stable and formal primary job; their compromise under parents’ preferences and social expectations as “compliant daughters,” willingly or forced, coexisted with their persisting interest in online entrepreneurship. Other women, or “self-determined daughters,” embraced online business as their primary job; some benefited from parents’ tolerant views, but others needed to handle the pressure of parental disapproval by hiding or proving their nonconventional career choices worthwhile.
Originality/value
This study speaks to the gendered opportunity-necessity framework of entrepreneurship by illustrating women’s multiple motivations in China’s market reforms and the rising online entrepreneurship dynamics. The findings contextualize women’s career choices in different family dynamics and suggest how social expectations and gender norms are imposed and transformed, with a focus on the shifting gendered concerns of opportunity, security and decency in an era of digital economy.
Journal Article
The Grandmothers’ Farewell to Childcare Provision under China’s Two-Child Policy: Evidence from Guangzhou Middle-Class Families
As China’s one-child policy is replaced by the two-child policy, young Chinese women and their spouses are increasingly concerned about who will take care of the ‘second child.’ Due to the absence of public childcare services and the rising cost of privatised care services in China, childcare provision mainly relies on families, such that working women’s choices of childbirth, childcare and employment are heavily constrained. To deal with structural barriers, young urban mothers mobilise grandmothers as joint caregivers. Based on interviews with Guangzhou middle-class families, this study examines the impact of childcare policy reform since 1978 on childbirth and childcare choices of women. It illustrates the longstanding contributions and struggles of women, particularly grandmothers, engaged in childcare. It also shows that intergenerational parenting involves a set of practices of intergenerational intimacy embedded in material conditions, practical acts of care, moral values and power dynamics. We argue that the liberation, to some extent, of young Chinese mothers from childcare is at the expense of considerable unpaid care work from grandmothers rather than being driven by increased public care services and improved gender equality in domestic labour. Given the significant stress and seriously constrained choices in later life that childcare imposes, grandmothers now become reluctant to help rear a second grandchild. This situation calls for changes in family policies to increase the supply of affordable and good-quality childcare services, enhance job security in the labour market, provide supportive services to grandmothers and, most importantly, prioritise the wellbeing of women and families over national goals.
Journal Article
Health insurance integration and fertility intentions among migrant populations in China: evidence from urban–rural medical reform
Background
China’s integration of urban and rural medical insurance (IURMI) aims to promote equitable healthcare access for migrant populations. While social insurance is often expected to ease economic constraints and support childbearing, little is known about how IURMI influences fertility intentions among migrant women. This study examines whether expanded health coverage through IURMI affects reproductive decision-making and explores underlying mechanisms.
Methods
This study uses data from the 2018 China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS), focusing on 53,837 migrant women aged 17 to 49. To ensure robust causal inference, it applies propensity score matching (PSM), double/debiased machine learning (DML), and instrumental variable (IV) estimation. The models control for a wide range of individual, household, and regional characteristics and include subgroup analyses to assess heterogeneity in policy effects.
Results
The findings show a significant negative association between IURMI and fertility intentions. The effect is stronger among women who are employed and intend to stay in cities. Rather than discouraging childbirth directly, IURMI appears to support more deliberate and long-term life planning, leading some women to postpone or reduce childbearing as they prioritize career and settlement goals.
Conclusions
The results highlight how institutional support through health insurance can influence fertility decisions by enhancing individuals’ ability to plan for the future. Lower fertility intentions among migrant women may reflect greater control over life trajectories rather than diminished desire for children. These findings emphasize the importance of aligning health policy with the evolving needs and preferences of urban migrant populations.
Journal Article
How Does Subjective Social Status Associate With Depression Among the Labor Force Population in China? — Analysis of the Mediation Effect Based on the Sense of Social Equity
With the rising prevalence of depression and its growing disease burden, and given that few studies have examined the link between subjective social status (SSS) and depression among the labor force, this study aimed to explore the association between SSS and depression in the workforce and to examine potential mediating factors.
We analyzed data from the 2018 China Labor-force Dynamic Survey, with a final sample of 10,065 participants. Depression was assessed using the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. SSS was measured via the MacArthur Scale. Linear regression models examined the association between SSS and depression, while structural equation modeling tested the mediating effect of sense of social equity.
In total, 12.37% of participants were identified as having probable depression. SSS was significantly associated with depression (
= -0.08,
< 0.05). Sense of social equity accounted for approximately 33% of the total effect.
Among China's labor force population, SSS is independently related to depression, and sense of social equity plays an important mediating role. Depression in the labor force - those with low SSS - warrants greater attention.
Journal Article