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"ZONING"
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Zoning : a guide for 21st-century planning
\"Zoning is at once a key technical competency of urban planning practice and a highly politicized regulatory tool. How this contradiction between the technical and political is resolved has wide-reaching implications for urban equity and sustainability, two key concerns of urban planning. Moving beyond critiques of zoning as a regulatory hindrance to local affordability or merely the rulebook that guides urban land use, this textbook takes an institutional approach to zoning, positioning its practice within the larger political, social and economic conflicts that shape local access for diverse groups across urban space. Foregrounding the historical-institutional setting in which zoning is embedded allows planners to more deeply engage with the equity and sustainability issues related to zoning practice. By approaching zoning from a social science and planning perspective, this text engages students of urban planning, policy and design with several key questions relevant to the realities of zoning and land regulation they encounter in practice. Why has the practice of zoning evolved as it has? How do social and economic institutions shape zoning in contemporary practice? How does zoning relate to the other competencies of planning, such as housing and transport? Where and why has zoning, an act of physical land use regulation, replaced social planning? These questions, grounded in examples and cases, will prompt readers to think critically about the potential and limitations of zoning. By re-forging the important links between zoning practice and the concerns of the urban planning profession, this text provides a new framework for considering zoning in the 21st century and beyond\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Remotely Sensed Agroclimatic Classification and Zoning in Water-Limited Mediterranean Areas towards Sustainable Agriculture
Agroclimatic classification identifies zones for efficient use of natural resources leading to optimal and non-optimal crop production. The aim of this paper is the development of a methodology to determine sustainable agricultural zones in three Mediterranean study areas, namely, “La Mancha Oriental” in Spain, “Sidi Bouzid” in Tunisia, and “Bekaa” valley in Lebanon. To achieve this, time series analysis with advanced geoinformatic techniques is applied. The agroclimatic classification methodology is based on three-stages: first, the microclimate features of the region are considered using aridity and vegetation health indices leading to water-limited growth environment (WLGE) zones based on water availability; second, landform features and soil types are associated with WLGE zones to identify non-crop-specific agroclimatic zones (NCSAZ); finally, specific restricted crop parameters are combined with NCSAZ to create the suitability zones. The results are promising as compared with the current crop production systems of the three areas under investigation. Due to climate change, the results indicate that these arid or semi-arid regions are also faced with insufficient amounts of precipitation for supporting rainfed annual crops. Finally, the proposed methodology reveals that the employment and use of remote sensing data and methods could be a significant tool for quickly creating detailed, and up to date agroclimatic zones.
Journal Article
Ocean zoning : making marine management more effective
This title discusses how marine protected areas (MPAs) and MPA networks are now looked at as starting points for more comprehensive spatial management, encompassed in the term ocean zoning.
Book
Implied easement over residential lot only requires reasonable necessity, not absolute necessity
The court disagreed, reciting Utah case law determining that even where there were two separate parcels, the facts could show that unity of title was followed by severance. [...]Vista did not fail to show that the first requirement was met. 440 North also contended that the trial court erred in creating the easement because the commercial property was not landlocked. [...]440 North contended that the trial court's order requires 440 North to violate Provo City Code, which prohibits the use of residentially zoned properties for commercial purposes. \"The mere potential for a zoning ordinance violation has no bearing on the validity of the easement.\" [...]whether or not Vista's use of the easement would violate a zoning ordinance, the trial court did not err in creating an implied easement because the only relevant issue before the court was the easement's existence.
Journal Article
Study of space configuration in the Directorate Building of Politeknik Negeri Pontianak using the space syntax analysis approach
The Directorate Building is an essential component of every university. Apart from operating as a management area, it helps users, particularly employees and students, in their spatial functions. A neglected space plan might lead to insufficient spatial connection. The purpose of this study is to examine the spatial arrangement of the Directorate Building at Politeknik Negeri Pontianak and the extent to which it affects the movement of users inside it. The research used qualitative, with the qualitative method describing the present building’s performance and assessing its intelligibility using depthmap software. The results show that the ideal spatial design is on the third level of the building, with an intelligibility score of 0.693598. It is found that the corridors tend to make the surrounding spaces more private. In terms of territorial zoning, the zoning on the third floor is well suited, resulting in higher configuration value compared to other floors.
Journal Article
Oscillatory- and sector-zoned pyrochlore from carbonatites of the Kerimasi volcano, Gregory rift, Tanzania
The Quaternary carbonatite–nephelinite Kerimasi volcano is located within the Gregory rift in northern Tanzania. It is composed of nephelinitic and carbonatitic pyroclastic rocks, tuffs, tuff breccias and pyroclastic breccias, which contain blocks of different plutonic (predominantly ijolite) and volcanic (predominantly nephelinite) rocks including carbonatites. The plutonic and volcanic carbonatites both contain calcite as the major mineral with variable amounts of magnetite or magnesioferrite, apatite and forsterite. Carbonatites also contain accessory baddeleyite, kerimasite, pyrochlore and calzirtite. Zr and Nb minerals are rarely observed in rock samples, though they are abundant in eluvial deposits of carbonatite tuff/pyroclastic breccias in the Loluni and Kisete craters. Pyrochlore, ideally (CaNa)Nb 2 O 6 F, occurs as octahedral and cubo-octahedral crystals up to 300 μm in size. Compositionally, pyrochlore from Loluni and Kisete differs. The former is enriched in U (up to 19.4 wt.% UO 2 ), light rare earth elements (up to 8.3 wt.% LREE 2 O 3 ) and Zr (up to 14.4 wt.% ZrO 2 ), and the latter contains elevated Ti (up to 7.3 wt.% TiO 2 ). All the crystals investigated were crystalline, including those with high U content ( a = 10.4152(1) Å for Loluni and a = 10.3763(1) Å for Kisete crystals). They have little or no subsolidus alteration nor low-temperature cation exchange ( A -site vacancy up to 1.5% of the site), and are suitable for single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis ( R 1 = 0.0206 and 0.0290; for all independent reflections for Loluni and Kisete crystals, respectively). Observed variations in the pyrochlore composition, particularly Zr content, from the Loluni and Kisete craters suggest crystallisation from compositionally different carbonatitic melts. The majority of pyrochlore crystals studied exhibit exceptionally well-preserved oscillatory- and sometimes sector-type zoning. The preferential incorporation of smaller and higher charged elements into more geometrically constrained sites on the growing surfaces explains the formation of the sector zoning. The oscillatory zoning can be rationalised by considering convectional instabilities of carbonatite magmas during their emplacement.
Journal Article
Housing, urban growth and inequalities
Urban economics and branches of mainstream economics – what we call the ‘housing as opportunity’ school of thought – have been arguing that shortages of affordable housing in dense agglomerations represent a fundamental barrier to economic development. Housing shortages are considered to limit migration into thriving cities, curtailing their expansion potential, generating rising social and spatial inequalities and inhibiting national growth. According to this dominant view, relaxing zoning and other planning regulations in the most prosperous cities is crucial to unleash the economic potential of cities and nations and to facilitate within-country migration. In this article, we contend that the bulk of the claims of the housing as opportunity approach are fundamentally flawed and lead to simplistic and misguided policy recommendations. We posit that there is no clear and uncontroversial evidence that housing regulation is a principal source of differences in home availability or prices across cities. Blanket changes in zoning are unlikely to increase domestic migration or to improve affordability for lower-income households in prosperous areas. They would, however, increase gentrification within metropolitan areas and would not appreciably decrease income inequality. In contrast to the housing models, we argue that the basic motors of all these features of the economy are the current geography of employment, wages and skills.
城市经济学和主流经济学的分支(我们称之为“住房即机遇”学派)一直认为，密集集聚区经济适用房的短缺是经济发展的根本障碍。住房短缺被认为限制了向繁荣城市的移民，削弱了城市的扩张潜力，导致社会和空间不平等加剧，抑制了国家增长。根据这一主流观点，在最繁荣的城市放松分区和其他规划条例对于释放城市和国家的经济潜力以及促进国内移民至关重要。在本文中，我们认为大部分的“住房即机遇”权利主张都是有根本缺陷的，并导致了简单化和误导性的政策建议。我们认为，没有明确且无争议的证据表明，住房条例是城市间住房供应或价格差异的主要原因。分区的全面改变不太可能增加国内移民，也不太可能提高富裕地区低收入家庭的负担能力。然而，它们会促进大都市地区的绅士化，且不会明显减少收入不平等。与住房模型相反，我们认为所有这些经济特征的基本驱动力是当前的就业、工资和技能地理分布。
Journal Article