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This study aims at obtaining pre-service biology teachers' metacognitive skills in invertebrate zoology. A number of pre-service biology teachers that take invertebrate zoology course at a state university in Sumatera, Indonesia, were involved as participants in this study. Data on metacognitive skills were collected using metacognitive skills instrument test that have been developed. The data obtained were processed by calculating the percentage (%) for each indicator of metacognitive skills. Results show that the value of pre-service biology teachers' metacognitive skills on invertebrate zoology are 4.86. For each indicator of metacognitive skill composition were no logic, no systemic, no analyse/evaluate/create (64.56%); no logic, no systemic, less analyse/evaluate/create (31.60%); no logic, no systemic, have analyse/evaluate/create (2.53%), and no logic, have systemic, have analyse/evaluate/create (1.27%). Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that pre-service biology teachers' metacognitive skills in invertebrate zoology was very low. In order to repair pre-service biology teachers' metacognitive skills, it is needed revision on instructional strategies for invertebrate zoology course.

Odborný časopis tematicky zaměřený na oblast zoologie obratlovců. Obsahuje původní studie, vědecké hypotézy, výzkumné zprávy

Insect flight can be fast and agile, making it hard to study its detailed aerodynamics. Karásek et al. designed an untethered, flapping-wing robot with impressive agility that can mimic fruitfly maneuvers (see the Perspective by Ruffier). They studied the robot's motion during rapid banked turns, which revealed that passive motion through the turn generated yaw torque coupling. This correcting yaw rotation propelled the robot toward the escape heading needed for effective turning. Science , this issue p. 1089 ; see also p. 1073 An untethered, flapping-wing robot with impressive agility is capable of mimicking maneuvers of the fruitfly. Insects are among the most agile natural flyers. Hypotheses on their flight control cannot always be validated by experiments with animals or tethered robots. To this end, we developed a programmable and agile autonomous free-flying robot controlled through bio-inspired motion changes of its flapping wings. Despite being 55 times the size of a fruit fly, the robot can accurately mimic the rapid escape maneuvers of flies, including a correcting yaw rotation toward the escape heading. Because the robot’s yaw control was turned off, we showed that these yaw rotations result from passive, translation-induced aerodynamic coupling between the yaw torque and the roll and pitch torques produced throughout the maneuver. The robot enables new methods for studying animal flight, and its flight characteristics allow for real-world flight missions.

In fshes, sonic abilities for communication purpose usually involve a single mechanism. We describe here the sonic mechanism and sounds in two species of boxfsh, the spotted trunkfsh Ostracion meleagris and the yellow boxfsh Ostracion cubicus. The sonic mechanism utilizes a T-shaped swimbladder with a swimbladder fenestra and two separate sonic muscle pairs. Extrinsic vertical muscles attach to the vertebral column and the swimbladder. Perpendicularly and below these muscles, longitudinal intrinsic muscles cover the swimbladder fenestra. Sounds are exceptional since they are made of two distinct types produced in a sequence. In both species, humming sounds consist of long series (up to 45s) of hundreds of regular low-amplitude pulses. Hums are often interspersed with irregular click sounds with an amplitude that is ten times greater in O. meleagris and forty times greater in O. cubicus. There is no relationship between fsh size and many acoustic characteristics because muscle contraction rate dictates the fundamental frequency. We suggest that hums and clicks are produced by either separate muscles or by a combination of the two. The mechanism complexity supports an investment of boxfsh in this communication channel and underline sounds as having important functions in their way of life.

According to the phylogenies of Schierwater et al. [...]the existence of horizontal transmission (e.g., hybridization of closely related taxa, organelle acquisition through endosymbiosis and horizontal gene transfer) makes phylogenetic trees only pragmatic approximations, which will probably be replaced by phylogenetic networks in the long term (particularly for unicellular organisms). Model of sequence evolution: A statistical description of the process of substitution in nucleotide or amino acid sequences.\\n Consequently, we stress the necessity of reducing its impact. Since taxon and gene sampling is being rapidly improved by the relentless progress in sequencing technology (even if obtaining well preserved and correctly identified specimens remains the limiting factor for several key taxa), full achievement of the ultimate goal of phylogenomics--i.e., accurate resolution of the Tree of Life--will primarily hinge on better procedures for the selection of orthologous and least saturated genes as well as on improved models of sequence evolution.

Evaluating risk factors of infections in primates is essential to understand infection dynamics and predict epizootic threats at the human-primate interfaces. In Bali, Indonesia, long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) frequently interact with humans in touristic areas, living sometimes in high demographic density, which may increase exposure to or alter transmission dynamics of gastrointestinal (GI) para sites. This study investigates risk factors of infection in macaques, specifically how their social network centrality, individual traits, and human-macaque interactions influence GI parasite infections in synanthropic macaques. Over two years (2022 2023), we opportunistically collected 142 fecal samples from 53 macaques in the Ubud Monkey Forest, and we analyzed GI parasites using direct smear and flotation techniques. We recorded behavioral data, including macaque grooming interactions and human-macaque contacts, through focal sampling and integrated the former into social network analysis. Generalized linear mixed models assessed the effects of social centrality, synanthropic nature, and host characteristics of the macaques on their infection risk. We found GI parasites in 75% of the samples and we identi f ied six GI parasite taxa: Entamoeba spp., Iodamoeba spp., Balantioides-like cili ate, Strongyloides spp., Trichuris spp., and Strongylida (fam. gen. indet). Individuals central in the grooming network had fewer parasite species, suggesting a potential social buffering effect. Human-macaque contacts positively influenced the presence of Iodamoeba spp. and showed a positive trend in influencing GI parasite richness. These findings highlight that infection dynamics in primates result from complex interactions between social, anthropogenic, and biological factors.

Loss of sexual reproduction is considered an evolutionary dead end for metazoans, but bdelloid rotifers challenge this view as they appear to have persisted asexually for millions of years1. Neither male sex organs nor meiosis have ever been observed in these microscopic animals: oocytes are formed through mitotic divisions, with no reduction of chromosome number and no indication of chromosome pairing2. However, current evidence does not exclude that they may engage in sex on rare, cryptic occasions. Here we report the genome of a bdelloid rotifer, Adineta vaga (Davis, 1873)3, and show that its structure is incompatible with conventional meiosis. At gene scale, the genome of A. vaga is tetraploid and comprises both anciently duplicated segments and less divergent allelic regions. However, in contrast to sexual species, the allelic regions are rearranged and sometimes even found on the same chromosome. Such structure does not allow meiotic pairing; instead, we find abundant evidence of gene conversion, which may limit the accumulation of deleterious mutations in the absence of meiosis. Gene families involved in resistance to oxidation, carbohydrate metabolism and defence against transposons are significantly expanded, which may explain why transposable elements cover only 3% of the assembled sequence. Furthermore, 8% of the genes are likely to be of non-metazoan origin and were probably acquired horizontally. This apparent convergence between bdelloids and prokaryotes sheds new light on the evolutionary significance of sex.

Ce livre regroupe les communications proposées lors du 6ème Symposium international sur les pucerons qui s'est tenu à Rennes, France, en septembre 2001. Ce symposium a été organisé par l'équipe d'aphidologistes de l'Inra et de l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Rennes (Ensar). Couvrant la plupart des aspects de la recherche internationale sur les pucerons, l'ouvrage est présenté en 5 chapitres : Biologie et Ecologie - Taxonomie, Systématique et Faunistique - Génétique, Biologie des populations et Ecologie évolutive - Dynamique des populations, Lutte biologique et Gestion intégrée des ravageurs - Interactions plantes-pucerons. Le nombre d'articles et leur diversité reflètent le dynamisme de la communauté des scientifiques travaillant sur les pucerons.

Root-knot nematodes (genus Meloidogyne) exhibit a diversity of reproductive modes ranging from obligatory sexual to fully asexual reproduction. Intriguingly, the most widespread and devastating species to global agriculture are those that reproduce asexually, without meiosis. To disentangle this surprising parasitic success despite the absence of sex and genetic exchanges, we have sequenced and assembled the genomes of three obligatory ameiotic and asexual Meloidogyne. We have compared them to those of relatives able to perform meiosis and sexual reproduction. We show that the genomes of ameiotic asexual Meloidogyne are large, polyploid and made of duplicated regions with a high within-species average nucleotide divergence of ~8%. Phylogenomic analysis of the genes present in these duplicated regions suggests that they originated from multiple hybridization events and are thus homoeologs. We found that up to 22% of homoeologous gene pairs were under positive selection and these genes covered a wide spectrum of predicted functional categories. To biologically assess functional divergence, we compared expression patterns of homoeologous gene pairs across developmental life stages using an RNAseq approach in the most economically important asexually-reproducing nematode. We showed that >60% of homoeologous gene pairs display diverged expression patterns. These results suggest a substantial functional impact of the genome structure. Contrasting with high within-species nuclear genome divergence, mitochondrial genome divergence between the three ameiotic asexuals was very low, signifying that these putative hybrids share a recent common maternal ancestor. Transposable elements (TE) cover a ~1.7 times higher proportion of the genomes of the ameiotic asexual Meloidogyne compared to the sexual relative and might also participate in their plasticity. The intriguing parasitic success of asexually-reproducing Meloidogyne species could be partly explained by their TE-rich composite genomes, resulting from allopolyploidization events, and promoting plasticity and functional divergence between gene copies in the absence of sex and meiosis.