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Swashbucklers
2023
Swashbucklers is the first study of one of the most popular and enduring genres in television history – the costume adventure series. It maps the history of swashbuckling television from its origins in the 1950s to the present. It places the various series in their historical and institutional contexts and also analyses how the form and style of the genre has changed over time. And it includes case studies of major swashbuckling series including The Adventures of Robin Hood, The Buccaneers, Ivanhoe, William Tell, Zorro, Arthur of the Britons, Dick Turpin, Robin of Sherwood, Sharpe, Hornblower, The Count of Monte Cristo and the recent BBC co-production of The Three Musketeers.
Critically evaluating best management practices for preventing freshwater turtle extinctions
by
Spencer, R.-J.
,
Van Dyke, J.U.
,
Thompson, Michael B.
in
adults
,
Anthropogenic factors
,
Australia
2017
Ex situ conservation tools, such as captive breeding for reintroduction, are considered a last resort to recover threatened or endangered species, but they may also help reduce anthropogenic threats where it is difficult or impossible to address them directly. Headstarting, or captive rearing of eggs or neonate animals for subsequent release into the wild, is controversial because it treats only a symptom of a larger conservation problem; however, it may provide a mechanism to address multiple threats, particularly near population centers. We conducted a population viability analysis of Australia's most widespread freshwater turtle, Chelodina longicollis, to determine the effect of adult roadkill (death by collision with motor vehicles), which is increasing, and reduced recruitment through nest predation from introduced European red foxes (Vulpes vulpesj. We also modeled management scenarios to test the effectiveness of headstarting, fox management, and measures to reduce mortality on roads. Only scenarios with headstarting from source populations eliminated all risks of extinction and allowed population growth. Small increases in adult mortality (2%) had the greatest effect on population growth and extinction risk. Where threats simultaneously affected other life-history stages (e.g., recruitment), eliminating harvest pressures on adult females alone did not eliminate the risk of population extinction. In our models, one source population could supply enough hatchlings annually to supplement 25 other similar-sized populations such that extinction was avoided. Based on our results, we believe headstarting should be a primary tool for managing freshwater turtles for which threats affect multiple life-history stages. We advocate the creation of source populations for managing freshwater turtles that are greatly threatened at multiple life-history stages, such as depredation of eggs by invasive species and adult mortality via roadkill. Las herramientas de conservación ex situ, como la crianza en cautiverio para la reintroducción, son consideradas como el último recurso para recuperar a las especies amenazadas o en peligro, pero también pueden ayudar a reducir las amenazas antropogénicas en donde es difícil o imposible tratarlas directamente. El inicio con ventaja, o la crianza en cautiverio de huevos o animales neonatos para su liberación subsecuente a lá vida libre, es controversial porque solamente trata un síntoma de un problema mayor de la conservación; sin embargo, puede proporcionar un mecanismo para lidiar con múltiples amenazas, particularmente cerca de los centros poblacionales. Realizamos un análisis de viabilidad poblacional con la tortuga de agua dulce con mayor distribución en Australia, Chelodiina longicollis, para determinar el efecto de los atropellamientos de adultos (muerte por colisión con automóviles),los cuales son cada vez más frecuentes,y redujimos el reclutamiento por medio de la depredación de nidos realizada por los zorros rojos Europeos introducidos (Yulpes vulpes). También modelamos escenarios de manejo para evaluar la efectividad del inicio con ventaja, el manejo de los zorros y las medidas para reducir la mortalidad en los caminos. Sólo los escenarios con inicio con ventaja a partir de poblaciones fuente eliminaron todos los riesgos de extinción y permitieron el crecimiento de la población. Los pequeños incrementos en la mortalidad adulta (2%) tuvieron el mayor efecto sobre el crecimiento poblacionaly el riesgo de extinción. En donde las amenazas afectaron simultáneamente a otras etapas de la ontogenia (p. ej.: el reclutamiento),sólo controlar las presiones de cosecha sobre las hembras no eliminó el riesgo de extinción de la población. En nuestros modelos, una población fuente pudo proporcionar suficientes crías para abastecer a otras 25 poblaciones de tamaño similar de tal forma que se evitó la extinción. Con base en nuestros resultados, creemos que el inicio con ventaja debería ser una herramienta primaria para el manejo de tortugas de agua dulce para las cuales las amenazas afectan a múltiples etapas de la ontogenia. Proponemos la creación de poblaciones fuente para el manejo de tortugas de agua dulce que están enormemente amenazadas durante varias etapas de su historia de vida, como la depredación de los huevos por especies invasoras o la mortalidad adulta por atropellamientos.
Journal Article
Habitat as a mediator of mesopredator-driven mammal extinction
2017
A prevailing view in dryland systems is that mammals are constrained by the scarcity of fertile soils and primary productivity. An alternative view is that predation is a primary driver of mammal assemblages, especially in Australia, where 2 introduced mesopredators—feral cat (Felis catus) and redfox (Vulpes vulpes)—are responsible for severe declines of dryland mammals. We evaluated productivity and prédation as drivers of native mammal assemblage structure in dryland Australia. We used new data from 90 sites to examine the divers of extant mammal species richness and reconstructed historic mammal assemblages to determine proportional loss of mammal species across broad habitat types (landform and vegetation communities). Predation was supported as a major driver of extant mammal richness, but its effect was strongly mediated by habitat. Areas that were rugged or had dense grass cover supported more mammal species than the more productive and topographically simple areas. Twelve species in the critical weight range (CWR) (35-5500 g) that is most vulnerable to mesopredator predation were extirpated from the continent's central region, and the severity of loss of species correlated negatively with ruggedness and positively with productivity. Based on previous studies, we expect that habitat mediates predation from red foxes and feral cats because it affects these species' densities and foraging efficiency. Large areas of rugged terrain provided vital refuge for Australian dryland mammals, and we predict such areas will support the persistence of CWR species in the face of ongoing mammal declines elsewhere in Australia. Una visión prevalente en los sistemas secos es que los mamíferos están restringidos por la escasez de suelos fértiles y productividad primaria. Una visión alternativa es que la depredación es un conductor primario de los ensamblajes de los mamíferos, especialmente en Australia, en donde dos mesodepredadores introducidos - el gato feral (Felis catus) y el zorro rojo (Vulpes vulpes) - son los responsables de declinaciones graves de los mamíferos desérticos. Evaluamos a la productividad y a la depredación como conductores de la estructura de ensamblaje de mamíferos nativos en los desiertos de Australia. Utilizamos datos nuevos de 90 sitios para examinar a los conductores de la riqueza de especies de mamíferos existentes y reconstruimos los ensamblajes históricos de mamíferos para determinar la pérdida proporcional de las especies de mamíferos a lo largo de los tipos generales de habitat (accidente geográfico o vegetación). La depredación fue respaldada como el principal conductor de la riqueza de mamíferos existentes, pero su efecto estuvo mediado considerablemente por el habitat. Las áreas que eran escabrosas o que tenían una cobertura densa de pasto pudieron mantener a más especies de mamíferos que las áreas más productivas o más simples topográficamente. Doce especies en el rango crítico de peso (RCP) (35 - 5500 g) que son más vulnerables a la depredación por mesodepredadores fueron extirpadas de la región central del continente, y la gravedad de la pérdida de especies estuvo correlacionada negativamente con la escabrosidad y positivamente con la productividad. Con base en estudios previos, esperamos que el hábitat medie la depredación por parte de los zorros rojos y los gatos ferales porque afecta a la densidad de estas especies y su eficiencia para buscar comida. Las áreas extensas de terreno escabroso proporcionan refugio vital para los mamíferos desérticos de Australia y pronosticamos que dichas áreas podrán mantener la persistencia de las especies RCP de frente a las declinaciones de mamíferos en otras partes de Australia.
Journal Article
Matinee Melodrama
2016
Long before Batman, Flash Gordon, or the Lone Ranger were the stars of their own TV shows, they had dedicated audiences watching their adventures each week. The difference was that this action took place on the big screen, in short adventure serials whose exciting cliffhangers compelled the young audience to return to the theater every seven days.Matinee Melodramais the first book about the adventure serial as a distinct artform, one that uniquely encouraged audience participation and imaginative play. Media scholar Scott Higgins proposes that the serial's incoherent plotting and reliance on formula, far from being faults, should be understood as some of its most appealing attributes, helping to spawn an active fan culture. Further, he suggests these serials laid the groundwork not only for modern-day cinematic blockbusters likeStar WarsandRaiders of the Lost Ark, but also for all kinds of interactive media that combine spectacle, storytelling, and play.As it identifies key elements of the serial form-from stock characters to cliffhangers-Matinee Melodramadelves deeply into questions about the nature of suspense, the aesthetics of action, and the potentials of formulaic narrative. Yet it also provides readers with a loving look at everything fromZorro's Fighting LegiontoDaredevils of the Red Circle, conveying exactly why these films continue to thrill and enthrall their fans.
Un viaje por la poesía de José Antonio Mazzotti: a propósito de El Zorro y la Luna. Poemas reunidos 1981-2016
2018
Crítica y testimonio, a partir del premio especial de poesía José Lezama Lima otorgado por Casa de las Américas al libro mencionado en enero del 2018.
Journal Article
Conservation Strategies for Species Affected by Apparent Competition
by
MARSHALL, ANDREW J.
,
SERROUYA, ROBERT
,
ELBROCH, L. MARK
in
Animal, plant and microbial ecology
,
Animals
,
Applied ecology
2013
Apparent competition is an indirect interaction between 2 or more prey species through a shared predator, and it is increasingly recognized as a mechanism of the decline and extinction of many species. Through case studies, we evaluated the effectiveness of 4 management strategies for species affected by apparent competition: predator control, reduction in the abundances of alternate prey, simultaneous control of predators and alternate prey, and no active management of predators or alternate prey. Solely reducing predator abundances rapidly increased abundances of alternate and rare prey, but observed increases are likely short-lived due to fast increases in predator abundance following the cessation of control efforts. Substantial reductions of an abundant alternate prey resulted in increased predation on endangered huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) deer in Chilean Patagonia, which highlights potential risks associated with solely reducing alternate prey species. Simultaneous removal of predators and alternate prey increased survival of island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) in California (U.S.A.) above a threshold required for population recovery. In the absence of active management, populations of rare woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) continued to decline in British Columbia, Canada. On the basis of the cases we examined, we suggest the simultaneous control of predators and alternate prey is the management strategy most likely to increase abundances and probabilities of persistence of rare prey over the long term. Knowing the mechanisms driving changes in species' abundances before implementing any management intervention is critical. We suggest scientists can best contribute to the conservation of species affected by apparent competition by clearly communicating the biological and demographic forces at play to policy makers responsible for the implementation of proposed management actions. La competencia aparente es una interacción indirecta entre 2 o más especies depredadas por un depredador compartido; y cada vez es más reconocida como un mecanismo en la disminución y extinción de muchas especies. Mediante estudios de caso, evaluamos la efectividad de 4 estrategias de manejo para especies afectadas por la competencia aparente: el control de depredador, la reducción en la abundancia de presas alternativas, el control simultáneo de depredadores y presas alternativas, y ningún manejo activo de depredadores o presa alternativa. Con tal sólo reducir la abundancia del depredador, la abundancia de presas alternativas o raras incrementó rápidamente, pero los incrementos observados probablemente sean de corta duración debido al rápido incremento de la abundancia de depredadores una vez que cesa el control. Las reducciones sustanciales de una presa alternativa abundante resultaron en el incremento de la depredación del venado güemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus), que está en peligro de extinción, en la Patagonia chilena; lo que resalta el riesgo potencial asociado con la sola reducción de especies de presas alternativas. La remoción simultánea de depredadores y presas alternativas incrementó la supervivencia de los zorros isleños (Urocyon littoralis) en California (E. U. A.) por encima del umbral requerido para la recuperación de la población. En la ausencia del manejo activo, las poblaciones del caribú de bosque (Rangifer tarandus caribou), una especie rara, continuaron su declive en la Columbia Británica, Canadá. Basándonos en los casos examinados, sugerimos que el control simultáneo de depredadores y presas alternativas es la estrategia de manejo con mayores oportunidades para incrementar la abundancia y las probabilidades de la persistencia de presas raras a largo plazo. El conocimiento de los mecanismos que dirigen los cambios en las abundancias de especies antes de implementar cualquier manejo es crítico. Sugerimos que los científicos pueden contribuir de mejor manera a la conservación de las especies afectadas por la competencia aparente al comunicar claramente las fuerzas biológicas y demográficas en juego a los creadores de políticas responsables de la implementación de las acciones de manejo propuestas.
Journal Article
Trends in anecdotal fox sightings in Tasmania accounted for by psychological factors
by
Soares, Inês
,
Pereira, Filipe
,
Hall, Graham P.
in
Abundance
,
anecdotal sightings
,
avistamientos anecdóticos
2017
There has been little evaluation of anecdotal sightings as a means to confirm new incursions of invasive species. This paper explores the potential for equivocal information communicated by the media to account for patterns of anecdotal reports. In 2001, it was widely reported that red foxes (Vulpes vulpesj had been deliberately released in the island state of Tasmania (Australia), although this claim was later revealed to be baseless. Regardless, by 2013 a total of 3153 anecdotal fox sightings had been reported by members of the public, which implied their distribution was wide. For each month in 2001-2003, we defined a monthly media index (MMI) of fox-related media coverage, an index of their relative seasonal abundance (abundance), and a factor denoting claims of fox evidence (claimed evidence) regardless of its evidentiary quality. We fitted a generalized linear model with Poisson error for monthly totals of anecdotal sightings with factors of year and claimed evidence and covariates of MMI, abundance, and hours of darkness. The collective effect of psychological factors (MMI, claimed evidence, and year) relative to biophysical factors (photoperiod and abundance) was highly significant (χ² = 122.1, df = 6, p < 0.0001), whereas anticipated changes in abundance had no significant influence on reported sightings (p = 0.15). An annual index of fox media from 2001 to 2010 was strongly associated with the yearly tally of anecdotal sightings (p = 0.018). The odds ratio of sightings ranked as reliable by the fox eradication program in any year decreased exponentially at a rate of 0.00643 as the total number of sightings increased P < 0.0001) and was indicative of an observer-expectancy bias. Our results suggest anecdotal sightings are highly susceptible to cognitive biases and when used to qualify and quantify species presence can contribute to flawed risk assessments. Ha habido pocas evaluaciones de los avistamientos anecdóticos como medio para confirmar incursiones nuevas de especies invasoras. Este articulo explora el potencial de la información ambigua comunicada por los medios para explicar los patrones de los reportes anecdóticos. En 2001 se reportó ampliamente que el zorro rojo (Vulpes vulpes) había sido liberado deliberadamente en la isla de Tasmania (Australia), aunque después se reveló que esta afirmación no tenía fundamentos. Apesar de esto, para 2013 un total de 3153 avistamientos anecdóticos de zorros habían sido reportados por miembros del público, lo que implicaba que su distributión era amplia. Para cada mes desde 2001 hasta 2003, definimos un índice mensual de medios (IMM) de la cobertura relacionada a los zorros por parte de los medios, un índice de su abundancia estacional relativa (abundancia) y un factor indicando las afirmaciones de evidencia de la presencia de zorros (evidencia asegurada) sin importar la naturaleza de su probatorio. Ajustamos un modelo lineal generalizado con el error de Poisson para los totales mensuales de los avistamientos anecdóticos con los factores de año y evidencia asegurada y covarianzas del IMM, abundancia, y boras de oscuridad. El efecto colectivo de los factores psicológicos (IMM, evidencia asegurada y año) relativo a los factores biofísico (fotoperiodo y abundancia) fue altamente significativo (χ² = 122.1, df = 6, p < 0.0001), mientras que los cambios anticipados en la abundancia no tuvieron una influencia significativa sobre los avistamientos reportados (p = 0.15). Un indice anual de la cobertura de los medios sobre los zorros de 2001 hasta 2010 estuvo asociada fuertemente con el conteo anual de los avistamientos anecdóticos (p = 0.018). La proportión de posibilidades de avistamientos categorizada como confiable por el programa de erradicación de zorros en cualquier año disminuyó exponencialmente a una tasa de 0.00643 conforme incrementó el número total de avistamientos (p<0.0001) y fue indicadora de un sesgo de expectativa por parte del observador. Nuestros resultados sugieren que los avistamientos anecdóticos son altamente susceptibles a los sesgos cognitivos y cuando se usan para cualificar y cuantificar la presencia de una especie pueden contribuir a valoraciones de riesgo erradas.
Journal Article
Secondary minerals from salt caves in the Atacama Desert (Chile): a hyperarid and hypersaline environment with potential analogies to the Martian subsurface
2017
Over the past 15 years several expeditions by French, American and especially Italian cavers have unveiled over 50 caves in the Cordillera de la Sal (Atacama Desert, Northern Chile). Many of these caves contain a variety of speleothems and minerals, some of which have rarely been observed within karst systems. Most of the secondary deposits in these caves are composed of halite, but also other halide, carbonate, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, and silicate minerals have been found. Among the sixteen cave mineral species recognized, atacamite, darapskite, blödite, leonite, anhydrite, and especially antarcticite are worth mentioning. In one of the samples an unknown Ca-Sr-bearing chloride mineral has also been discovered, but it has not been possible to carry out detailed mineralogical analyses. These often-rare minerals have formed in this region due to the very extreme hyperarid and salt-rich environment. This research reports the mineralogical results and proposes the genetical mechanisms leading to the formation of antarcticite, powdery anhydrite, and the paragenesis of the halite-darapskite-blödite. This study also shows that Atacama caves may be excellent analogues to study weathering processes and subsurface secondary minerals in hyperarid and hypersaline environments on Mars.
Journal Article
Value of Using Feasibility Models in Systematic Conservation Planning to Predict Landholder Management Uptake
by
MILLS, MORENA
,
TULLOCH, AYESHA I. T.
,
TULLOCH, VIVITSKAIA J. D.
in
1080 fox baiting
,
Agricultural ecosystems
,
Agriculture
2014
Understanding the social dimensions of conservation opportunity is crucial for conservation planning in multiple‐use landscapes. However, factors that influence the feasibility of implementing conservation actions, such as the history of landscape management, and landholders’ willingness to engage are often difficult or time consuming to quantify and rarely incorporated into planning. We examined how conservation agencies could reduce costs of acquiring such data by developing predictive models of management feasibility parameterized with social and biophysical factors likely to influence landholders’ decisions to engage in management. To test the utility of our best‐supported model, we developed 4 alternative investment scenarios based on different input data for conservation planning: social data only; biological data only; potential conservation opportunity derived from modeled feasibility that incurs no social data collection costs; and existing conservation opportunity derived from feasibility data that incurred collection costs. Using spatially explicit information on biodiversity values, feasibility, and management costs, we prioritized locations in southwest Australia to control an invasive predator that is detrimental to both agriculture and natural ecosystems: the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). When social data collection costs were moderate to high, the most cost‐effective investment scenario resulted from a predictive model of feasibility. Combining empirical feasibility data with biological data was more cost‐effective for prioritizing management when social data collection costs were low (<4% of the total budget). Calls for more data to inform conservation planning should take into account the costs and benefits of collecting and using social data to ensure that limited funding for conservation is spent in the most cost‐efficient and effective manner.
Journal Article