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Accurate ground deformation monitoring with interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is often hindered by tropospheric delays caused by atmospheric pressure, temperature, and water vapor variations. While models such as ERA5 (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis v5) provide first-order corrections, they often leave residual errors dominated by small-scale turbulent effects. To address this, we present a novel variational autoencoder with clustering (VAE-clustering) approach that performs unsupervised separation of atmospheric and deformation signals, followed by noise component removal via density-based clustering. The method is integrated into the MintPy pipeline for automated velocity and displacement time-series retrieval. We evaluate our approach on Sentinel-1 interferograms from three case studies: (1) land subsidence in Mashhad, Iran (2015–2022), (2) land subsidence in Tehran, Iran (2018–2021), and (3) postseismic deformation after the 2021 Acapulco earthquake. Across all cases, the method reduced the velocity standard deviation by approximately 70% compared to the ERA5 corrections, leading to more reliable displacement estimates. These results demonstrate that VAE-clustering can effectively mitigate residual tropospheric noise, improving the accuracy of large-scale InSAR time-series analyses for geohazard monitoring and related applications.

Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants (MWWTPs) have proven to be sources of adverse environmental impacts; however, integrated management can help improve their efficiency. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the gap between the current management and another based on an international standard applied to WWTPMs, in order to understand their environmental commitment, and to identify the challenges and opportunities they present for the adoption or certification of an environmental management system (EMS) based on ISO 14001. For this purpose, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in two MWWTPs in southern Mexico. In a first step, an automated checklist was designed based on the requirements of the ISO 14001:2015 standard and based on a modified FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) calculation method. In a second step, a diagnosis was carried out at the MWWTPs, followed by a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis to determine internal and external factors until a series of challenges and opportunities was identified. The findings indicate that the selected MWWTPs have a wide gap that keeps them away from efficient management. Among the challenges, “limited financial resources” were identified followed by “high turnover of managerial staff”, while the opportunities with the greatest potential for improvement are related to the factors “candidate for investment” and “environmental policy”. The treatment plants show a weak environmental commitment, therefore rigorous action plans should be considered, not only to protect the environment but also the investment, and they should be the main promoters that challenge the private sector.

Species richness and similarity in metazoan parasite communities of fish can be influenced by several biotic (age, body size, vagility, social and feeding behaviour, among others), and local abiotic factors (temperature, salinity, climatic events, etc.). The parasite communities of ten species of the family Carangidae from Acapulco Bay, Mexico, were quantified and analysed between May 2014 and August 2024. A total of 1,148 fish specimens were examined and 78 parasite species were identified (44 endoparasites and 34 species of ectoparasites). At the component community level, species richness ranged from 11 in Euprepocaranx dorsalis (Gill) to 27 in Caranx caninus Günther. Parasite communities were dominated mainly by monogenean species. The richness and parasite species composition differed between the ten species of host. The habitat type, body size and host diet variety were the main factors responsible of these differences. Similarity in species composition varied even between hosts of the same genus, suggesting that phylogenetic relatedness and sympatry were not important determinants of parasite communities in these carangid fish. Therefore, host ecology has a greater influence on the structure and species composition of parasite communities than its phylogenetic history.

Coastal and marine destinations offer alternate options for the sun and the beach, options that are related to nature and culture. This empirical study aims to segment the demand of domestic tourism in coastal and marine destinations and its relationship with satisfaction and loyalty. A factorial analysis and an analysis of K-means clusters were used to reduce and group data. Six motivational dimensions are evident heritage and nature, learning, and sun and beach; and physical, authentic coastal experience, novelty, and social interaction. Two segments were found: the “multiple coastal motives,” which returned a high motivation among the motivational variables proposed and are related to all the factors found, and the “beach lovers”, with high motivation in the aspects of sun and beach, resting, and wanting to see things they do not usually see. These two segments are related to the dimensions of sun and beach and novelty. The multiple coastal motives rendered higher levels of satisfaction and in some variables of future behavior, which shows the relationship of the motivation with the visit. The findings are used to develop marketing plans appropriate to the characteristics of the demand found in each group.

We propose a rapid, finite-fault inversion procedure to derive first-order estimates of the coseismic slip following large Mw > 7 earthquakes in Mexico using teleseismic P waves obtained in near real time. The procedure uses kinematic fault parameters and waveform properties prescribed based on the magnitude of the event. Two consecutive inversions are performed, one for each of the two nodal planes in the earthquake source mechanism, allowing an automated analysis of the P-wave dataset with minimal manual intervention. Following the inversion process, the appropriate slip model is selected based on seismotectonic considerations in the earthquake source region. The inversion procedure was applied to the Mw 7 Acapulco subduction earthquake of 8 September 2021 using the source parameters posted online by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), resulting in the derivation of a preliminary, first-order source model within 1 h after the event. The slip model shows a single source region similar to the rupture area observed by the USGS using body- and surface-wave records. We also conducted a rapid analysis of the teleseismic P waves available for the Mw 8.2 normal-faulting Chiapas earthquake of 8 September 2017 and recovered a slip model comparable to the finite-fault model obtained by the USGS for that event. For both earthquakes, the time required for waveform retrieval and analysis was less than 5 min, indicating that the procedure can be used to derive timely, preliminary slip models for large Mexico events that would be useful for earthquake early alerting and post-earthquake response.

Parasite communities in Caranx sexfasciatus were characterized and analyzed to determine any interannual variations in structure and/or species composition. In total, 422 C. sexfasciatus were collected from Acapulco Bay, Mexico, between May 2016 and March 2019. Thirty-two taxa of metazoan parasites were identified: five Monogenea, thirteen Digenea, one Acanthocephala, one Cestoda, three Nematoda, seven Copepoda, and two Isopoda. Monogeneans were the most frequent and abundant parasite species in all sampling years. Parasite species richness at the component community level varied significantly from 8 (May 2016) to 25 (March 2019) and was similar to previous reports for other species of Carangidae. The component communities and infracommunities in C. sexfasciatus were characterized by low parasite species numbers, low diversity, and dominance of a single species (the monogenean Neomicrocotyle pacifica ). Parasite community structure and species composition varied between sampling years and climatic seasons. Seasonal or local fluctuations in some biotic and abiotic environmental factors probably explain these variations. Les communautés de parasites de Caranx sexfasciatus ont été caractérisées et analysées afin de déterminer si elles connaissent des variations interannuelles dans la structure et/ou la composition des espèces. Au total, 422 C. sexfasciatus ont été collectés dans la baie d’Acapulco, au Mexique, entre mai 2016 et mars 2019. Trente-deux taxons de parasites métazoaires ont été identifiés : cinq Monogenea, treize Digenea, un Acanthocephala, un Cestoda, trois Nematoda, sept Copepoda et deux Isopoda. Les monogènes étaient les espèces de parasites les plus fréquentes et les plus abondantes au cours de toutes les années d’échantillonnage. La richesse en espèces de parasites au niveau de la communauté des composants variait considérablement de 8 (mai 2016) à 25 (mars 2019) et était similaire aux rapports précédents pour d’autres espèces de Carangidae. Les communautés et infracommunautés de C. sexfasciatus étaient caractérisées par un faible nombre d’espèces de parasites, une faible diversité et la dominance d’une seule espèce (le monogène Neomicrocotyle pacifica ). La structure des communautés de parasites et la composition des espèces variaient entre les années d’échantillonnage et les saisons climatiques. Les fluctuations saisonnières ou locales de certains facteurs environnementaux biotiques et abiotiques expliquent probablement ces variations.

A new species of Lecithostaphylus Odhner, 1911 (Zoogonidae) is described from the Pacific agujon needlefish, Tylosurus pacificus (Steindachner) (Belonidae), from two localities off the Pacific coast of Mexico. Morphologically, the new species agrees with the diagnosis of the genus Lecithostaphylus . Lecithostaphylus brayi sp. nov. differs from other congeneric species by a combination of morphological traits, including the overall body size, anterior and posterior extension of the vitelline follicles in the hindbody, and the presence/absence of papilla-like denticles on internal surface of ventral sucker. Lecithostaphylus brayi sp. nov. most closely resembles L. retroflexus (Molin, 1859 ), Odhner, 1911 and Lecithostaphylus tylosuri Châari, Derbel & Neifar, 2013 from Mediterranean needlefishes and Lecithostaphylus nitens (Linton, 1898 ) Linton, 1940 from needlefishes in multiple marine ecoregions; however, it can be distinguished by subtle morphological differences, host association, and geographical distribution. The new species will require further verification through a more detailed morphological study of L. nitens and, ideally, molecular data for L. nitens , L. retorflexus , and L. tylosuri . Newly generated 28S rDNA sequences allowed a phylogenetic assessment of the genus and show that Lecithostaphylus clades within the Zoogonidae, sister to the genera Deretrema Linton, 1910 + Proctophantastes Odhner, 1911 , although the family Zoogonidae is not resolved as monophyletic. The inclusion of more representative genera in the molecular phylogenetic analysis will be needed to generate a more robust classification scheme for the Zoogonidae, and to discuss host specificity patterns for members of the family.

The phytoplankton community's temporal variability associated with environmental factors and harmful algal blooms in Acapulco Bay was analyzed. Phytoplankton samples were taken monthly at three sites (MSL: Morro de San Lorenzo, CDO: Casa Díaz Ordaz, and PP: Playa Palmitas) over 11 months in 2018. The physical and chemical variables of surface water were measured in situ, and the composition and community structure of phytoplankton were analyzed. The physical and chemical characteristics studied varied significantly. The highest temperatures were obtained in September and October (September: 29.6 ± 3.58°C, October: 34.61 ± 1.83°C), whereas the highest salinities and chlorophyll-a concentrations occurred from February to May (salinity: 34.06 ± 0.38, chlorophyll-a: 2.73 ± 0.15 μg L-1). The highest oxygen concentrations were recorded during the rainy season (June 91.8% and December 100%). A total of 201 phytoplankton species were identified: 94 diatoms, 101 dinoflagellates, 4 cyanobacteria, and 2 silicoflagellates. Diatoms dominated during the rainy season, whereas dinoflagellates dominated during the dry season (June to December). A total of 17 harmful species were identified; four toxin-producing species included a diatom genus (Pseudonitszchia sp.) and three dinoflagellate species (Gymnodinium catenatum, Dinophysis caudata, and Phalacroma rotundata). One species that produces oxygen reactive species and hemolysis (Margalefidinium polykrikoides) caused a harmful algal bloom at the CDO and PP stations. The temperature is one of the most critical factors for its bloom in October.

Drawing on a rich trove of documents, including correspondence not seen for 300 years, this study explores the emergence and growth of a remarkable global trade network operated by Armenian silk merchants from a small outpost in the Persian Empire. Based in New Julfa, Isfahan, in what is now Iran, these merchants operated a network of commercial settlements that stretched from London and Amsterdam to Manila and Acapulco. The New Julfan Armenians were the only Eurasian community that was able to operate simultaneously and successfully in all the major empires of the early modern world—both land-based Asian empires and the emerging sea-borne empires—astonishingly without the benefits of an imperial network and state that accompanied and facilitated European mercantile expansion during the same period. This book brings to light for the first time the trans-imperial cosmopolitan world of the New Julfans. Among other topics, it explores the effects of long distance trade on the organization of community life, the ethos of trust and cooperation that existed among merchants, and the importance of information networks and communication in the operation of early modern mercantile communities.

Scholarship on the Spanish galleon trade has tended to ignore both the importance of religion and the significance of the port of Acapulco. This paper will seek to offset each shortcoming by offering a glimpse into the religious life of Acapulco during the seventeenth century. This glimpse will aim to establish the spatial linkages between religion and economy in the port by (1) identifying the sacred places, practices, and missions of the city, and (2) illustrating how they were intimately related to the galleon trade. Though Acapulco occupied a paradoxical space within the broader Spain’s imperial vision, its unique spiritual cartography continued to be dictated by the aims of that vision. The port provides a unique case study by which to understand the complex and often-contradictory relationship between urbanity, trade, and religiosity in the Spanish empire. It illustrates that the economic and religious structures needed to create heavenly spaces in Spanish colonial holdings also produced unintended byproducts, places where religion and economics merged to produce more unexpected outcomes. Acapulco never became the envisioned heavenly city; yet, throughout the seventeenth century, it continued to demonstrate that economics and religion remained integrally connected.