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As an emerging class of crystalline organic material, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) possess uniform porosity, versatile functionality, and precise control over designated structures. Aside from the favorable charge and mass transport pathways offered by the porous framework, COFs can also exhibit designed reversible redox activity. In the past few years, their potential has attracted a great deal of attention for charge storage and transport applications in various electrochemical energy storage devices, and numerous design strategies have been proposed to enhance the corresponding electrochemical properties. This review summarizes the working principle and synthesis methods of COFs and discusses significant findings for supercapacitors and various rechargeable battery systems, emphasizing the representative design strategies and their underlying relationship with electrochemical performances. In addition, key advances achieved by computations are highlighted along with the challenges and prospects in this field. This review covers a broad array of recent studies relating to the design and application of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) in supercapacitors and various rechargeable battery systems. The discussion focuses on the representative design strategies and their underlying relationship with electrochemical performances. Key advances achieved by computations are also highlighted along with the challenges and prospects in this field.

We present a high electrode density and high channel count CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) active neural probe containing 1344 neuron sized recording pixels (20 µm × 20 µm) and 12 reference pixels (20 µm × 80 µm), densely packed on a 50 µm thick, 100 µm wide, and 8 mm long shank. The active electrodes or pixels consist of dedicated in-situ circuits for signal source amplification, which are directly located under each electrode. The probe supports the simultaneous recording of all 1356 electrodes with sufficient signal to noise ratio for typical neuroscience applications. For enhanced performance, further noise reduction can be achieved while using half of the electrodes (678). Both of these numbers considerably surpass the state-of-the art active neural probes in both electrode count and number of recording channels. The measured input referred noise in the action potential band is 12.4 µVrms, while using 678 electrodes, with just 3 µW power dissipation per pixel and 45 µW per read-out channel (including data transmission).

Technology is constantly changing, and it is important for perioperative nurses to stay current on new products and technologies in the perioperative setting. AORN's “Recommended practices for electrosurgery” addresses safety standards that all perioperative personnel should follow to minimize risks to both patients and staff members during the use of electrosurgical devices. Recommendations include how to select electrosurgical units and accessories for purchase, how to minimize the potential for patient and staff member injuries, what precautions to take during minimally invasive surgery, and how to avoid surgical smoke hazards. The recommendations also address education/competency, documentation, policies and procedures, and quality assurance/performance improvement. Perioperative nurses should consider the use of checklists and safety posters to remind staff members of the dangers of electrosurgery and the steps to take to minimize the risks for injury.

The development of high-performance electrochemical sensors requires precise integration of electrode active materials that provide both superior electrocatalytic activity and long-term structural stability. Herein, we report a systematically optimized, one-pot electrochemical deposition approach for the fabrication of nanographenide-based nanoarchitectures, incorporating either a conducting polymer (PEDOT-NG) or Prussian blue (PB-NG). Derived from optimization-driven structural refinement—including applied potential, electrodeposition time, and precursor concentration—the robust nanoarchitecture exhibits a hierarchical morphology that provides an expanded electroactive surface area, accelerating charge transfer and enhancing electrochemical catalytic activity. The optimized PEDOT-NG exhibits exceptional sensitivity for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), and uric acid (UA), achieving wide linear ranges with low detection limits of 4.1, 0.12, and 0.18 μM, respectively. The PB-NG achieves a limit of detection of 4.39 μM, driven by highly reversible and stable redox kinetics. This performance is underpinned by narrowed peak-to-peak separations (ΔE) and reduced redox potentials. These results underscore the pivotal role of precise parametric control in developing high-performance electrochemical sensors. Furthermore, this work establishes a comprehensive strategy for designing resilient electrode active materials, thereby paving the way for next-generation electrochemical platforms tailored for diverse and robust sensing environments.

Bioimpedance imaging aims to generate a 3D map of the resistivity and permittivity of biological tissue from multiple impedance channels measured with electrodes applied to the skin. When the electrodes are distributed around the body (for example, by delineating a cross section of the chest or a limb), bioimpedance imaging is called electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and results in functional 2D images. Conventional EIT systems rely on individually cabling each electrode to master electronics in a star configuration. This approach works well for rack-mounted equipment; however, the bulkiness of the cabling is unsuitable for a wearable system. Previously presented cooperative sensors solve this cabling problem using active (dry) electrodes connected via a two-wire parallel bus. The bus can be implemented with two unshielded wires or even two conductive textile layers, thus replacing the cumbersome wiring of the conventional star arrangement. Prior research demonstrated cooperative sensors for measuring bioimpedances, successfully realizing a measurement reference signal, sensor synchronization, and data transfer though still relying on individual batteries to power the sensors. Subsequent research using cooperative sensors for biopotential measurements proposed a method to remove batteries from the sensors and have the central unit supply power over the two-wire bus. Building from our previous research, this paper presents the application of this method to the measurement of bioimpedances. Two different approaches are discussed, one using discrete, commercially available components, and the other with an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The initial experimental results reveal that both approaches are feasible, but the ASIC approach offers advantages for medical safety, as well as lower power consumption and a smaller size.

For long-term and more convenience electrocardiograph (ECG) monitoring, an active- electrode-based ECG monitoring system, which can measure ECG through clothes, is proposed in this paper. The hardware of the system includes active electrodes, signal processing and data transmission modules and the software mainly includes a denoising algorithm based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD). Then the proposed system was verified using the comparison of the ECG signals measured synchronously by active electrodes and Ag/AgCl electrodes. In addition, three flexible materials, including conductive textile, copper foil tape and a flexible printed circuit (FPC) are developed for the sensing layer with active electrodes. To compare the performance of these three materials for the sensing layer, the ECG signals of 10 subjects were measured by different materials in three postures and several indexes for quality evaluation were calculated. Results show that effective and clear ECG waveforms can be measured by all three kinds of materials and the quality of ECG signals measured by FPC is the best by conducting a significant t-test for signal quality indexes of three materials.

An active electrode (AE) and back-end (BE) integrated system for enhanced electrocardiogram (ECG)/electrode-tissue impedance (ETI) measurement is proposed. The AE consists of a balanced current driver and a preamplifier. To increase the output impedance, the current driver uses a matched current source and sink, which operates under negative feedback. To increase the linear input range, a new source degeneration method is proposed. The preamplifier is realized using a capacitively-coupled instrumentation amplifier (CCIA) with a ripple-reduction loop (RRL). Compared to the traditional Miller compensation, active frequency feedback compensation (AFFC) achieves bandwidth extension using the reduced size of the compensation capacitor. The BE performs three types of signal sensing: ECG, band power (BP), and impedance (IMP) data. The BP channel is used to detect the Q-, R-, and S-wave (QRS) complex in the ECG signal. The IMP channel measures the resistance and reactance of the electrode-tissue. The integrated circuits for the ECG/ETI system are realized in the 180 nm CMOS process and occupy a 1.26 mm2 area. The measured results show that the current driver supplies a relatively high current (>600 μApp) and achieves a high output impedance (1 MΩ at 500 kHz). The ETI system can detect resistance and capacitance in the ranges of 10 mΩ–3 kΩ and 100 nF–100 μF, respectively. The ECG/ETI system consumes 3.6 mW using a single 1.8 V supply.

In some compound muscle action potentials (M waves) recorded using the belly–tendon configuration, the tendon electrode makes a noticeable contribution to the M wave. However, this finding has only been demonstrated in some hand and foot muscles. Here, we assessed the contribution of the tendon potential to the amplitude of the vastus lateralis, biceps brachii and tibialis anterior M waves, and we also examined the role of this tendon potential in the shoulder‐like feature appearing in most M waves. M waves were recorded separately at the belly and tendon locations of the vastus lateralis, biceps brachii and tibialis anterior from 38 participants by placing the reference electrode at a distant (contralateral) site. The amplitude of the M waves and the latency of their peaks and shoulders were measured. In the vastus lateralis, the tendon potential was markedly smaller in amplitude (∼75%) compared to the belly M wave (P = 0.001), whereas for the biceps brachii and tibialis anterior, the tendon and belly potentials had comparable amplitudes. In the vastus lateralis, the tendon potential showed a small positive peak coinciding in latency with the shoulder of the belly–tendon M wave, whilst in the biceps brachii and tibialis anterior, the tendon potential showed a clear negative peak which coincided in latency with the shoulder. The tendon potential makes a significant contribution to the belly–tendon M waves of the biceps brachii and tibialis anterior muscles, but little contribution to the vastus lateralis M waves. The shoulder observed in the belly–tendon M wave of the vastus lateralis is caused by the belly potential, the shoulder in the biceps brachii M wave is generated by the tendon potential, whereas the shoulder in the tibialis anterior M wave is caused by both the tendon and belly potentials. New Findings What is the central question of this study? Does a tendon electrode make a noticeable contribution to the belly–tendon M wave in the vastus lateralis, biceps brachii and tibialis anterior muscles? What is the main finding and its importance? Because the patellar tendon potential is small in amplitude, it hardly influences the amplitude and shape of the belly–tendon M wave of the vastus lateralis. However, for the biceps brachii and tibialis anterior muscles, the potentials at the tendon sites show a large amplitude, and thus have a great impact on the corresponding belly–tendon M waves.

Biopotential imaging (e.g., ECGi, EEGi, EMGi) processes multiple potential signals, each requiring an electrode applied to the body’s skin. Conventional approaches based on individual wiring of each electrode are not suitable for wearable systems. Cooperative sensors solve the wiring problem since they consist of active (dry) electrodes connected by a two-wire parallel bus that can be implemented, for example, as a textile spacer with both sides made conductive. As a result, the cumbersome wiring of the classical star arrangement is replaced by a seamless solution. Previous work has shown that potential reference, current return, synchronization, and data transfer functions can all be implemented on a two-wire parallel bus while keeping the noise of the measured biopotentials within the limits specified by medical standards. We present the addition of the power supply function to the two-wire bus. Two approaches are discussed. One of them has been implemented with commercially available components and the other with an ASIC. Initial experimental results show that both approaches are feasible, but the ASIC approach better addresses medical safety concerns and offers other advantages, such as lower power consumption, more sensors on the two-wire bus, and smaller size.

This work demonstrates the feasibility of using biochars derived from a variety of waste feedstocks, such as food organics and garden organics (FOGOs), garden organics (GOs), and biosolids (BSs), provided by Barwon Water (BW) and South East Water (SEW), as active electrode material for supercapacitor application. Four different biochars were produced by the co-pyrolysis of pre-treated mixed waste feedstocks, which were fabricated into a two-electrode symmetric supercapacitor set-up to evaluate their energy storage potential. Two different approaches, (i) carbon nanoparticle coating/modification and (ii) thermochemical activation, were employed to improve the electrochemical properties of the biochars. Potassium hydroxide-activated biochar derived from BW’s triple waste feedstock mixture (comprising 70% GOs, 20% FOGOs, and 10% BSs) demonstrated the highest specific capacitance (30.33 F/g at 0.1 A/g), energy density (4.21 Wh/kg), and power density (2.15 kW/kg) among the tested samples. Such waste-derived biochar offers several benefits for energy storage, including cost-efficiency and sustainable alternatives to traditional electrode materials. The biochar’s electrochemical performance can be further improved by improving the feedstock quality by different pre-treatments.