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Galactans are important components of many plant cell walls. Besides, they are the major polysaccharides in extracellular matrixes from different seaweeds, and other marine organisms, which have an acidic character due to the presence of sulfate groups in their structures. In particular, most of the red seaweeds biosynthesize sulfated galactans with very special linear backbones, constituted by alternating (1→3)-β-d-galactopyranose units (A-unit) and (1→4)-α-galactopyranose residues (B-unit). In the industrially significant seaweeds as source of hydrocolloids, B-units belong either to thed-series and they produce carrageenans (as in the order Gigartinales), or to thel-series, and they are sources of agarose and/or structurally related polymers ( i.e. , Gelidiales, Gracilariales). In both cases, the latter units appear as cyclized 3,6-anhydro-α-galactose in certain amounts, which can be increased by alkaline cyclization of α-galactose 6-sulfate units. Besides, it has been clearly shown that some red algae produce different amounts of both galactan structures, known asd/l-hybrids. It is not yet clear if they comprise both diasteromeric types of units in the same molecule, or if they are mixtures of carrageenans and agarans that are very difficult to separate. It has been reported that the biosynthesis of these galactans, showing that the nucleotide transport ford-galactopyranose units is UDP-d-Gal, while forl-galactose, it is GDP-l-Gal, so, there is a different pathway in the biosynthesis of agarans. However, at least in those seaweeds that produce carrageenans as major galactans, but also agarans, both synthetic pathways should coexist. Another interesting characteristic of these galactans is the important variation in the sulfation patterns, which modulate their physical behavior in aqueous solutions. Although the most common carrageenans are of the κ/ι- and λ-types (with A-units sulfated at the 4- and 2-positions, respectively) and usually in agarans, when sulfated, is at the 6-position, many other sulfate arrangements have been reported, greatly influencing the functional properties of the corresponding galactans. Other substituents can modify their structures, as methyl ethers, pyruvic acid ketals, acetates, and single stubs of xylose or other monosaccharides. It has been shown that structural heterogeneity at some extent is essential for the proper functional performance of red algal galactans.

Snakebite is a serious occupational hazard affecting mainly rural populations of tropical and subtropical developing countries. Lachesis muta (Bushmaster) bites are extremely serious but are rarely reported in the literature. Bushmaster envenomings are characterized by intense local pain, edema, neurotoxicity, hypotension, local hemorrhage, and dramatic systemic alterations. Antivenom treatment has regularly been used for more than a century; however, it fails to neutralize local tissue damage and hemorrhage, leading to morbidity or disabilities in victims. Thus, the production and clinical use of antivenom must be improved. The present work characterizes, for the first time, a sulfated polysaccharide from the red seaweed, Laurencia aldingensis , including its neutralizing effect on some toxic activities of L. muta venom. Chemical and spectroscopic analyses showed that L. aldingensis produces sulfated agarans with the A-units partially C-2 sulfated or 6- O -methoxylated presetting the B-units in the cyclized (3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactose) or in the non-cyclized form (α-L-galactose). The latter is significantly substituted by sulfate groups on C-6. In vitro and in vivo assays showed that this sulfated agaran inhibited hemolysis, coagulation, proteolysis, edema, and hemorrhage of L. muta venom. Neutralization of hemorrhagic activity was also observed when the agaran was administered by different routes and after or before the venom injection. Furthermore, the agaran blocked the edema caused by a phospholipase A 2 isolated from the L. muta venom. Experimental evidence therefore indicates that the sulfated agaran of L. aldingensis has potential to aid antivenom therapy of accidents caused by L. muta venom and may help to develop more effective antivenom treatments of snake bites in general.

\"It's fun and it's not like being in the gym because you get to show off your skills,\" said [DiGouveia], who has been competing in gymnastics for the past six years. \"I like the different challenge every day.\" \"It doesn't affect me,\" [Shynelle Mae Agaran] said. \"I want to get a college scholarship. I know I can do it. One of my best friends, Sarah Shipley, just got a college scholarship to the University of Kentucky, and that has been a motivator for me. Gymnastics is my life.\" \"It is a great meet with a wide variety of competition,\" said [Randy Sikora], whose American Gymnastics group includes 190 competitive gymnasts. \"We have kids competing from all over, so that makes it interesting that the local kids are not competing against the same local clubs, so this is not a local meet.\"

\"It's fun and it's not like being in the gym because you get to show off your skills,\" said [DiGouveia], who has been competing in gymnastics for the past six years. \"I like the different challenge every day.\" \"It doesn't affect me,\" [Shynelle Mae Agaran] said. \"I want to get a college scholarship. I know I can do it. One of my best friends, Sarah Shipley, just got a college scholarship to the University of Kentucky, and that has been a motivator for me. Gymnastics is my life.\" \"It is a great meet with a wide variety of competition,\" said [Randy Sikora], whose American Gymnastics group includes 190 competitive gymnasts. \"We have kids competing from all over, so that makes it interesting that the local kids are not competing against the same local clubs, so this is not a local meet.\"

\"It's fun and it's not like being in the gym because you get to show off your skills,\" said [DiGouveia], who has been competing in gymnastics for the past six years. \"I like the different challenge every day.\" \"It doesn't affect me,\" [Shynelle Mae Agaran] said. \"I want to get a college scholarship. I know I can do it. One of my best friends, Sarah Shipley, just got a college scholarship to the University of Kentucky, and that has been a motivator for me. Gymnastics is my life.\" \"It is a great meet with a wide variety of competition,\" said [Randy Sikora], whose American Gymnastics group includes 190 competitive gymnasts. \"We have kids competing from all over, so that makes it interesting that the local kids are not competing against the same local clubs, so this is not a local meet.\"

\"It's fun and it's not like being in the gym because you get to show off your skills,\" said [DiGouveia], who has been competing in gymnastics for the past six years. \"I like the different challenge every day.\" \"It doesn't affect me,\" [Shynelle Mae Agaran] said. \"I want to get a college scholarship. I know I can do it. One of my best friends, Sarah Shipley, just got a college scholarship to the University of Kentucky, and that has been a motivator for me. Gymnastics is my life.\" \"It is a great meet with a wide variety of competition,\" said [Randy Sikora], whose American Gymnastics group includes 190 competitive gymnasts. \"We have kids competing from all over, so that makes it interesting that the local kids are not competing against the same local clubs, so this is not a local meet.\"

\"It's fun and it's not like being in the gym because you get to show off your skills,\" said [DiGouveia], who has been competing in gymnastics for the past six years. \"I like the different challenge every day.\" \"It doesn't affect me,\" [Shynelle Mae Agaran] said. \"I want to get a college scholarship. I know I can do it. One of my best friends, Sarah Shipley, just got a college scholarship to the University of Kentucky, and that has been a motivator for me. Gymnastics is my life.\" \"It is a great meet with a wide variety of competition,\" said [Randy Sikora], whose American Gymnastics group includes 190 competitive gymnasts. \"We have kids competing from all over, so that makes it interesting that the local kids are not competing against the same local clubs, so this is not a local meet.\"

Gov. Neil Abercrombie on Monday announced the appointment of Democrat Gilbert Samuel Coloma Keith-Agaran to state Senate to represent Hawaii's 5th senatorial district, a Maui seat recently left vacant by Shan S. Tsutsui when he was appointed to the liutenant governor's office. The shuffling will continue, as Abercrombie will now make an appointment to fill the remainder of Keith-Agaran's term in the House. Keith-Agaran practices law in Wailuku were he is a partner in the Maui law firm of Takitani Agaran and Jorgensen LLLP.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Phylogenetic distribution Common methods for extraction and structural analyses General structural features related to phylogenetic occurrence Industrial applications Pharmacological properties Major conclusions Acknowledgments References

Polissacarídeos sulfatados (PSs) da alga vermelha comestível Gracilaria birdiae possuem atividade antioxidante. Trabalhos anteriores mostram que PSs, quando em forma de nanopartículas de prata (NpsAg), apresentam melhor atividade antioxidante do que em sua forma original. Contudo, não há dados referentes a NpsAg sintetizadas com PSs de G. birdiae. Portanto, NpsAg sintetizadas a partir dos PSs de G. birdiae foram obtidas e avaliadas como agentes antioxidantes. Foram realizadas a detecção e a medição de tamanho das NpsAg por dispersão de luz dinâmica (DLS). O extrato de PS foi avaliado quanto a sua capacidade redutora pelo teste de capacidade antioxidante total (CAT). A capacidade antioxidante das NpsAg e dos PS também foi determinada pelo teste de quelação férrica. O teor de proteínas e de açúcar foi determinado por espectrofotometria. Os PS apresentaram CAT, e isso habilitou-os para a síntese de NpsAg. As NpsAg apresentaram tamanho médio de 117,6 nm. Nenhuma contaminação proteica foi encontrada nos PSs e nas NpsAg. O teor de açúcar na suspensão de NpsAg (55,7%) foi superior ao encontrado na solução de PSs (49,7%). A suspensão com NpsAg apresentou uma atividade quelante de ferro 25% maior que a solução de PSs. Os resultados mostraram que os PSs de G. birdiae, sob a forma de nanopartículas, tiveram a sua atividade quelante de ferro potencializada, indicando que as nanopartículas de prata podem ser objeto de futuros estudos para identificar seu potencial como agentes antioxidantes em diferentes aplicações.