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Corn : a global history
\"Originating in Mesoamerica 9,000 years ago, maize - or, as we know it, corn - now grows in 160 countries. In the New World, indigenous peoples referred to corn as \"Our Mother,\" \"Our Life,\" and \"She Who Sustains Us.\" Today, the United States is the world's leading producer of corn, and you can find more than 3,500 items in grocery stores that contain corn in one way or another - from puddings to soups, margarine to mayonnaise. In Corn: A Global History, Michael Owen Jones explores the origins of this humble but irreplaceable crop.\"--Back cover.
Book
Coupled dynamics in soil : experimental and numerical studies of energy, momentum and mass transfer
In arid and semi-arid areas, the main contributions to land surface processes are precipitation, surface evaporation and surface energy balancing. In the close-to-surface layer and root-zone layer, vapor flux is the dominant flux controlling these processes - process which, in turn, influence the local climate pattern and the local ecosystem. The work reported in this thesis attempts to understand how the soil airflow affects the vapor transport during evaporation processes, by using a two-phase heat and mass transfer model. The necessity of including the airflow mechanism in land surface process studies is discussed and highlighted.
Book
Prediction of wild einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum subsp. aegilopoides (Link) Thell.) global geographical distribution using climate match index
Background: Triticum monococcum subsp. aegilopoides (wild einkorn wheat) is a problematic weed in the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern winter cereal crops. Objective: A process-based niche model for this species was developed using CLIMEX to evaluate its potential global distribution. Methods: Records from Iran were utilized in the model, and the prediction was applied under the current climate and two climate change scenarios (A1B, A2). Both scenarios represent contrasting temporal patterns of economic development and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Results: The results showed that Europe and Africa continent were the most and least vulnerable regions, respectively, to wild einkorn wheat infestation. Under climate change scenarios A1B and A2, the average Climate Matching Index (CMI) showed significant increases of 4.7% and 5.6% in Europe and North America, respectively, compared to the current conditions. In contrast, Oceania, Asia, and Africa experienced notable decreases of 6.9%, 5.7%, and 4.7%, respectively. In the Northern Hemisphere, 97% of the areas with a CMI's greater than 0.75 were located within the 30° to 48° latitude range. Conclusions: These findings can serve as a foundation for ongoing monitoring efforts to prevent the further spread of this species, as well as to develop effective quarantine regulations and preventive measures aimed at minimizing its negative impact on wheat yields and appropriate management options.
Journal Article
Golden rice : the imperiled birth of a GMO superfood
\"Ordinary white rice is nutrient poor, it consists of carbohydrates and little else. About one million people who subsist on rice become blind or die each year from vitamin A deficiency. Golden rice, which was developed in the hopes of combating that problem by a team of European scientists in the late '90s, was genetically modified to provide an essential nutrient that white rice lacks: beta carotene, which is converted into vitamin A in the body. But twenty years later, this potentially sight- and lifesaving miracle food still has not reached the populations most in need, and tens of millions of people in India, China, Bangladesh, and throughout South and Southeast Asia have gone blind or have died waiting. Supporters claim that the twenty-year delay in Golden Rice's introduction is an unconscionable crime against humanity. Critics have countered that the rice is a \"hoax\", that it is \"food's gold\" and \"propaganda for the genetic engineering industry\". Here, science writer Ed Regis argues that Golden Rice is the world's most controversial, maligned, and misunderstood GMO. Regis tells the story of how the development, growth, and distribution of Golden Rice was delayed and repeatedly derailed by a complex but outdated set of operational guidelines and regulations imposed by governments, and sabotaged by anti-GMO activists in the very nations where the rice is most needed. Regis separates hyperbole from facts, overturning the myths, distortions, and urban legends about this uniquely promising superfood. Anyone interested in GMOs, social justice, or world hunger will find \"Golden rice\" a compelling, sad, and maddening true-life science tale.\" -- Provided by publisher
Book
Estimation of inbreeding depression in Psidium guajava through seed attributes using S 0 , S 1 , and S 2 families
Inbreeding depression, resulting from self-pollination or mating between closely related plants, primarily impacts quantitative traits. This study aimed to assess inbreeding depression in guava seeds from two generations of self-pollination (S1 and S2) relative to open-pollinated (S0) seeds, focusing on seed physical and physiological attributes. Physical seed quality was assessed by determining the weight of 1,000 seeds and analyzing seed images using the GroundEye® instrument. Physiological quality was evaluated through germination and accelerated aging tests, along with the emergence speed index, root length, and shoot length. The results revealed no inbreeding depression in the first selfing generation. However, mild levels of inbreeding depression were observed across all traits in the second selfing generation. This study underscores the importance of understanding inbreeding depression dynamics in guava seeds, particularly in subsequent generations of self-pollination, for effective breeding and seed quality management.
Journal Article
The devil's element : phosphorus and a world out of balance
The story of phosphorus spans the globe and vast tracts of human history. The race to mine phosphorus took people from the battlefields of Waterloo, which were looted for the bones of fallen soldiers, to the fabled guano islands off Peru, the Bone Valley of Florida, and the sand dunes of the Western Sahara. Over the past century, phosphorus has made farming vastly more productive, feeding the enormous increase in the human population. Yet, as the author harrowingly reports, our overreliance on this vital crop nutrient is causing toxic algae blooms and \"dead zones\" in waterways from the coasts of Florida to the Mississippi River basin to the Great Lakes and beyond. This book also explores the alarming reality that diminishing access to phosphorus poses a threat to the food system worldwide--which risks rising conflict and even war. -- Adapted from publisher's description.
Book
Planting speed and coinoculation in soybeans
Uniform seed distribution and an optimal plant stand are crucial for maximizing soybean yield. Additionally, a robust root system is essential for effective water and nutrient absorption through biological nitrogen fixation. This study investigated the impact of planting speed and coinoculation (Bradyrhizobium japonicum + Azospirillum brasilense) on plant distribution, nodulation, and soybean grain yield. Six field experiments were conducted during the 2018/19 and 2019/20 crop years in Santa Maria (two planting seasons per year) and Restinga Sêca, Brazil. The experiments utilized a randomized block design with four replications and treatments arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial design, assessing coinoculation (with and without) and five planting speeds. Results indicated that increasing planting speed reduced soil moisture and increased soil temperature, adversely affecting soybean nodulation and yield due to uneven plant distribution in the planting furrow. Planting speeds close to 4 km h-1 achieved the best uniformity in plant distribution, nodulation, and soybean yield. Coinoculation enhanced the number and dry mass of nodules and improved soybean grain yield.
Journal Article
Bradyrhizobium and Azospirillumco-inoculation associated with cobalt and molybdenum application in the soybean crop
Co-inoculation between bacteria of the genera Bradyrhizobium and Azospirillum can enhance the nodulation and promote the development of the soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] root system, contributing to the increase in grain yield, in addition to the reduction in production costs and contamination of natural resources. Cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) use can also favor biological nitrogen fixation. The research evaluated the co-inoculation effect of bacteria associated with the Co and Mo application in soybean crop. The randomized blocks design was employed, in a 2 x 6 factorial scheme, presence and absence of Co and Mo and five ways of using the products Bradyrhizobium and Azospirillum, plus control, with four replications. The treatments were formed by the control (not inoculated + 20 kg N ha-1); seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium (100 mL ha-1) + 20 kg N ha-1; seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium (100 mL ha-1) and three treatments applying Bradyrhizobium + Azospirillum in furrow, in different doses. Height of insertion of the first pod, total number of pods and grains per plant, weight of 100 grains and grain yield were evaluated. Inoculation of Bradyrhizobiumjaponicum associated with co-inoculation of Azospirillumbrasilense via foliar and Co and Mo, provided increases in the number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod and weight of 100 grains, reflecting increases in grain yield.The use of Co and Mo, on average, increased soybean yield by 10%, resulting in an average yield of 4,904 kg ha-1. RESUMO: A co-inoculação entre bactérias do gênero Bradyrhizobium e Azospirillum pode potencializar a nodulação e promover o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular da soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], contribuindo com o aumento na produtividade de grãos, além da redução nos custos de produção e contaminação dos recursos naturais. A utilização de cobalto (Co) e molibdênio (Mo), também pode favorecer a fixação biológica de nitrogênio. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da co-inoculação de bactérias associadas a aplicação de Co e Mo na cultura da soja. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 6, na presença e ausência de Co e Mo e cinco formas de utilização dos produtos Bradyrhizobium e Azospirillum, mais controle, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram formados pela testemunha (não inoculada + 20 kg de N ha-1); inoculação com Bradyrhizobium na semente (100 mL ha-1) + 20 kg de N ha-1; inoculação de sementes com Bradyrhizobium (100 mL ha-1) e três tratamentos aplicando Bradyrhizobium + Azospirillum em sulco em diferentes doses. Foram avaliados altura de inserção da primeira vagem, número total de vagens e grãos por planta, massa de 100 grãos e produtividade de grãos. A inoculação de Bradyrhizobium japonicum associado a co-inoculação de Azospirillum brasilense via foliar e ao Co e Mo, proporcionou incrementos no número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por vagem e massa de 100 grãos, refletindo acréscimos na produtividade de grãos. O uso de Co e Mo, em média, aumentou o rendimento da soja em 10%, resultando numa produtividade média de 4904 kg ha-1.
Journal Article
Ablation reduces androgyny and improves flowering and bunch production in palms of Coarí x La Mé hybrid (Elaeis oleifera x Elaeis guineensis)
The first inflorescence in OxG hybrids after transplant to the field is often androgynous and should be removed to stimulate the initial vegetative growth of palms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of early inflorescence ablation on later inflorescence emission and normal bunch development. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (with early ablation and without ablation), four replicates, and 16 palms per replicate. The emission of female, male, and androgynous inflorescences, the number of leaflets, leaf area and dry weight of leaf 17, number of normal bunches formed, and annual production were estimated. The emission of normal female inflorescences increased with total ablation, while androgynous inflorescences increased without ablation. Ablated palms increased their leaf area, leaf dry weight, and annual bunch production.
Journal Article