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"altitude"
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Automated low-altitude air delivery : towards autonomous cargo transportation with drones
\"This book investigates Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) with a payload capacity of one metric ton for transportation. The authors provide a large variety of perspectivesfrom economics to technical realization. With the focus on such heavy-lift cargo UAS, the authors consider recently established methods for approval and certification, which they expect to be disruptive for unmanned aviation. In particular, the Specific Operations Risk Assessment (SORA) and its impact on the presented technological solutions and operational concepts are studied. Starting with the assumption of an operation over sparsely populated areas and below common air traffic, diverse measures to further reduce operational risks are proposed. Operational concepts derived from logistics use-cases set the context for an in-depth analysis including aircraft and system design, safe autonomy as well as airspace integration and datalinks. Results from simulations and technology demonstrations are presented as a proof of concept for solutions proposed in this book.\"-- Back cover.
Book
High altitude renal syndrome: four elements or one source?
High Altitude Renal Syndrome (HARS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by polycythemia, hyperuricemia, hypertension, and albuminuria at high altitudes. This review emphasizes hypoxia-induced High Altitude Polycythemia (HAPC) as its core driver. In 2014, the 6th Qinghai International Conference on Mountain Medicine and High Altitude Physiology established international diagnostic criteria for HAPC (hemoglobin ≥210g/L in males, ≥190g/L in females). HAPC triggers systemic hypoxia, leading to hyperuricemia via uric acid overproduction and reduced renal excretion, hypertension from hemodynamic changes, and glomerular injury through erythrocytosis. Pathological mechanisms involve HIF-2α-mediated glomerular hypertrophy and podocyte damage. Treatment strategies target HAPC and downstream effects. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g., acetazolamide) reduce hematocrit and improve oxygen saturation, but newer agents like methazolamide and dichlorphenamide offer equivalent efficacy with fewer side effects (e.g., reduced central nervous system toxicity). For severe cases, descending to lower altitudes remains the gold standard. Additional interventions include calcium channel blockers (nifedipine), urate-lowering drugs, and experimental therapies such as HIF-2α inhibitors (PT2385) and endothelin receptor antagonists (matitan). This analysis underscores HAPC as the primary etiology of HARS, advocating revised diagnostic criteria and treatment prioritization.
Journal Article
Curcumin-mediated enhancement of lung barrier function in rats with high-altitude-associated acute lung injury via inhibition of inflammatory response
Background
Exposure to a hypobaric hypoxic environment at high altitudes can lead to lung injury. In this study, we aimed to determine whether curcumin (Cur) could improve lung barrier function and protect against high-altitude-associated acute lung injury.
Methods
Two hundred healthy rats were randomly divided into standard control, high-altitude control (HC), salidroside (40 mg/kg, positive control), and Cur (200 mg/kg) groups. Each group was further divided into five subgroups. Basic vital signs, lung injury histopathology, routine blood parameters, plasma lactate level, and arterial blood gas indicators were evaluated. Protein and inflammatory factor (tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, and IL-10) concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined using the bicinchoninic acid method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Inflammation-related and lung barrier function-related proteins were analyzed using immunoblotting.
Results
Cur improved blood routine indicators such as hemoglobin and hematocrit and reduced the BALF protein content and TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels compared with those in the HC group. It increased IL-10 levels and reduced pulmonary capillary congestion, alveolar hemorrhage, and the degree of pulmonary interstitial edema. It increased oxygen partial pressure, oxygen saturation, carbonic acid hydrogen radical, and base excess levels, and the expression of zonula occludens 1, occludin, claudin-4, and reduced carbon dioxide partial pressure, plasma lactic acid, and the expression of phospho-nuclear factor kappa.
Conclusions
Exposure to a high-altitude environment for 48 h resulted in severe lung injury in rats. Cur improved lung barrier function and alleviated acute lung injury in rats at high altitudes.
Highlights
•
Curcumin (Cur) improves lung barrier function under high-altitude stress in rats
•
Cur mitigated acute lung injury under high-altitude stress
•
Cur improved hemoglobin and hematocrit levels under high-altitude stress
•
Cur reduced bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein content under high-altitude stress
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Cur reduced inflammatory factor TNF-α, IL-α, IL-6 levels under high-altitude stress
Graphical Abstract
Journal Article
The biology of high-altitude peoples
The peoples of the high-altitude regions of the world have long fascinated both scientists and laymen from the lowlands. This book, while it draws heavily on the research conducted in the International Biological Programme, is a comprehensive review of our knowledge about the biology of the high-altitude peoples of the world.
Book
Physiological Risk Factors for Severe High-Altitude Illness: A Prospective Cohort Study
Abstract
Rationale
An increasing number of persons, exposed to high altitude for leisure, sport, or work, may suffer from severe high-altitude illness.
Objectives
To assess, in a large cohort of subjects, the association between physiological parameters and the risk of altitude illness and their discrimination ability in a risk prediction model.
Methods
A total of 1,326 persons went through a hypoxic exercise test before a sojourn above 4,000 m. They were then monitored up at high altitude and classified as suffering from severe high-altitude illness (SHAI) or not. Analysis was stratified according to acetazolamide use.
Measurements and Main Results
Severe acute mountain sickness occurred in 314 (23.7%), high-altitude pulmonary edema in 22 (1.7%), and high-altitude cerebral edema in 13 (0.98%) patients. Among nonacetazolamide users (n = 917), main factors independently associated with SHAI were previous history of SHAI (adjusted odds ratios [aOR], 12.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.95–23.66; P < 0.001), ascent greater than 400 m/day (aOR, 5.89; 95% CI, 3.78–9.16; P < 0.001), history of migraine (aOR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.28–4.07; P = 0.005), ventilatory response to hypoxia at exercise less than 0.78 L/minute/kg (aOR, 6.68; 95% CI, 3.83–11.63; P < 0.001), and desaturation at exercise in hypoxia equal to or greater than 22% (aOR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.52–4.11; P < 0.001). The last two parameters improved substantially the discrimination ability of the multivariate prediction model (C-statistic rose from 0.81 to 0.88; P < 0.001). Preventive use of acetazolamide reduced the relative risk of SHAI by 44%.
Conclusions
In a large population of altitude visitors, chemosensitivity parameters (high desaturation and low ventilatory response to hypoxia at exercise) were independent predictors of severe high-altitude illness. They improved the discrimination ability of a risk prediction model.
Journal Article
Black sun : a novel
\"A chilling and cinematic thriller set in 1961 in one of the most secretive locations in Soviet history. Ten days before the test of largest nuclear device in history--the Tsar Bomba--a KGB officer must investigate the murder of one of the architects of the bomb, and unravel a conspiracy that could set the world on fire\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Prevalence and risk factors for AMS: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) is a high-altitude-specific condition with variable prevalence and poorly defined risk factors. Despite growing global exposure to high-altitude environments, no systematic review has comprehensively synthesized AMS epidemiology.
To assess the prevalence of AMS and critically evaluate evidence on risk factors associated with increased susceptibility.
A systematic review and meta-analysis following the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines.
PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL Plus, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database (CNKI), Wanfang Database, Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM), and Weipu Database (VIP) were comprehensively searched for observational studies investigating the prevalence and risk factors of AMS from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2024.
Original journal articles were included which met the inclusion criteria. The quality of the included studies was evaluated independently by two investigators. Meta-analysis was conducted using R software (v4.2.2), with estimates of AMS from pooled using a random-effects model.
Fifty-eight studies (n = 2,705) were included. The pooled AMS prevalence was 48.25% (95% CI: 42.58-53.96%), with substantial heterogeneity (I² = 82.3%). Significant risk factors included extreme altitude (>5500 m; RR = 1.89), rapid ascent (<6 h; RR = 1.60), marked heart rate increase (>20 bpm; RR = 2.35), and oxygen saturation decline (>10%; RR = 2.02). Prior AMS history (RR = 1.36) and male sex (RR = 1.15) were also associated with higher risk, while older age (>50 years) was protective (RR = 0.78).
AMS affects nearly half of high-altitude visitors. Altitude, ascent rate, cardiopulmonary response, and prior AMS history are key risk determinants. These findings support pre-exposure risk stratification, staged ascent protocols, and real-time physiological monitoring. PROSPERO CRD42024595365.
Journal Article
TNF-α and RPLP0 drive the apoptosis of endothelial cells and increase susceptibility to high-altitude pulmonary edema
High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a fatal threat for sojourners who ascend rapidly without sufficient acclimatization. Acclimatized sojourners and adapted natives are both insensitive to HAPE but have different physiological traits and molecular bases. In this study, based on GSE52209, the gene expression profiles of HAPE patients were compared with those of acclimatized sojourners and adapted natives, with the common and divergent differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their hub genes identified, respectively. Bioinformatic methodologies for functional enrichment analysis, immune infiltration, diagnostic model construction, competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) analysis and drug prediction were performed to detect potential biological functions and molecular mechanisms. Next, an array of in vivo experiments in a HAPE rat model and in vitro experiments in HUVECs were conducted to verify the results of the bioinformatic analysis. The enriched pathways of DEGs and immune landscapes for HAPE were significantly different between sojourners and natives, and the common DEGs were enriched mainly in the pathways of development and immunity. Nomograms revealed that the upregulation of TNF-α and downregulation of RPLP0 exhibited high diagnostic efficiency for HAPE in both sojourners and natives, which was further validated in the HAPE rat model. The addition of TNF-α and RPLP0 knockdown activated apoptosis signaling in endothelial cells (ECs) and enhanced endothelial permeability. In conclusion, TNF-α and RPLP0 are shared biomarkers and molecular bases for HAPE susceptibility during the acclimatization/adaptation/maladaptation processes in sojourners and natives, inspiring new ideas for predicting and treating HAPE.
Journal Article
A time-resolved multi-omics atlas of transcriptional regulation in response to high-altitude hypoxia across whole-body tissues
High-altitude hypoxia acclimatization requires whole-body physiological regulation in highland immigrants, but the underlying genetic mechanism has not been clarified. Here we use sheep as an animal model for low-to-high altitude translocation. We generate multi-omics data including whole-genome sequences, time-resolved bulk RNA-Seq, ATAC-Seq and single-cell RNA-Seq from multiple tissues as well as phenotypic data from 20 bio-indicators. We characterize transcriptional changes of all genes in each tissue, and examine multi-tissue temporal dynamics and transcriptional interactions among genes. Particularly, we identify critical functional genes regulating the short response to hypoxia in each tissue (e.g.,
PARG
in the cerebellum and
HMOX1
in the colon). We further identify TAD-constrained
cis
-regulatory elements, which suppress the transcriptional activity of most genes under hypoxia. Phenotypic and transcriptional evidence indicate that antenatal hypoxia could improve hypoxia tolerance in offspring. Furthermore, we provide time-series expression data of candidate genes associated with human mountain sickness (e.g.,
BMPR2
) and high-altitude adaptation (e.g.,
HIF1A
). Our study provides valuable resources and insights for future hypoxia-related studies in mammals.
The mechanisms underlying high-altitude acclimatization remain unclear. Here authors use the sheep model to reveal multi-tissue temporal dynamics of gene transcription and regulation during acclimatization, and provide resources for hypoxia-related studies.
Journal Article