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The loyal Atlantic : remaking the British Atlantic in the Revolutionary era
\"Adding to a dynamic new wave of scholarship in Atlantic history, The Loyal Atlantic offers fresh interpretations of the key role played by Loyalism in shaping the early modern British Empire. This cohesive collection investigates how Loyalism and the empire were mutually constituted and reconstituted from the eighteenth century onward. Featuring contributions by authors from across Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom, The Loyal Atlantic brings Loyalism into a genuinely international focus.
Book
Manifest Destiny in Southeast Asia: Archaeology of American Colonial Industry in the Philippines, 1898–1987
At the turn of the twentieth century, American logging companies backed by the US colonial regime initiated extensive extraction in Bikol, Philippines. Industrial infrastructure and the involvement of a newly assembled Bikolano workforce left a profound imprint on the region's landscape. This article discusses a collaborative archaeological project that used archival materials, place-name analysis, ethnographic interviews, discussions with local scholars, satellite mapping, and drone-mounted lidar scans of former industrial sites. Findings shed light on the enduring ramifications of American logging in the early 1900s on settlement patterns, the infrastructure of routes and mobility, the state of industries from Philippine independence in 1946 through the 1980s, and ongoing environmental hazards. These findings emphasize the legacy of American empire, reveal the role of Filipino logging workers in shaping the landscape through settlement decisions, and uncover intricate connections across a pan-Pacific American colonial frontier that was shaped by both extractive and settler colonialism. This article adds to an emerging trend in Americanist archaeology in which archaeology investigates recent historical and even contemporary events.
Journal Article
Assimilationist Athletics: Indian Boarding Schools, Sports, and the American Empire
When Richard Henry Pratt founded the Carlisle Indian Boarding School in 1879, his goal was to civilize Indigenous bodies. In doing so, the school implemented a series of forceful measures including language training, Western-style dress, hair cutting, and, perhaps uniquely, sports. At the same time that Carlisle was collecting children from across the continent, the United States was expanding territorially: Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Philippines, Hawai’i. As many scholars have noted, the United States was becoming an imperial force. Like Pratt’s students, those who fell within the American imperial network were exposed to sports as a mechanism of control. While there is extensive work on both the relationship between sport and empire, as well as the use of sport within the Indian Boarding School system of the 1870s to the 1910s, there is a dearth of historiographical work that puts the two into conversation with each other. By exploring the domineering effect that sports had in the Indian Boarding School network and contextualizing it within the larger arc of sports in American Empire, this article expands the conceptual framework of sport and empire in order to paint a more complete picture of the consistency and significance with which imperial governments imposed athletics in various geographies.
Journal Article
Disinfecting the Dead, Sanitizing Empire: The Cultural Memory of Fallen Soldiers in Cuba
The misremembering by Americans of the Spanish-Cuban-American War was not an accident of either time or place. Rather, it was a collaboration between the citizenry, political and business elites, and the military-industrial complex centered on the cult of the fallen soldier. As businessmen carved up the Cuban landscape and the military occupied Guantanamo Bay, the war dead played one last service of memory. American commemoration of fallen soldiers acted as a shroud to obscure the practices of American imperialism. The recovery of the war dead thus provides an interesting example of how officials wanted Americans to remember the conflict. Most of the fallen died from disease rather than combat. Recovering the war dead thus entailed an elaborate process of sanitizing the “sick” dead and disinfecting the remains of warriors buried in foreign and tropical soil to repatriate them back to the United States. The metaphorical intersected with the medical in presenting dead soldiers from an imperialistic war with “clean and sterile bones” that would neither threaten the health of the general public nor their collective memory. Such a re-presentation would help shape how Americans remember a clean and sterile “Splendid Little War” without acknowledging the mucky details of empire-building.
Journal Article
A Tale of Two Fairs
Abstract This article examines the use of world's fairs and other expositions in the early twentieth century in order to showcase educational ideas from American overseas imperial settings. In particular, the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair and the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition demonstrate the nature of American imperial schooling and its changes over a decade. Fairs and exhibitions like these were important sites where educational ideas were exchanged between the colony and metropole, and they allowed experiments being trialed overseas to influence the nature of school reform back in the United States during the Progressive Era.
Journal Article
Making Moros
Making Moros offers a unique look at the colonization of Muslim subjects during the early years of American rule in the southern Philippines. Hawkins argues that the ethnological discovery, organization, and subsequent colonial engineering of Moros was highly contingent on developing notions of time, history, and evolution, which ultimately superseded simplistic notions about race. He also argues that this process was highly collaborative, with Moros participating, informing, guiding, and even investing in their configuration as modern subjects.
Drawing on a wealth of archival sources from both the United States and the Philippines, Making Moros presents a series of compelling episodes and gripping evidence to demonstrate its thesis. Readers will find themselves with an uncommon understanding of the Philippines' Muslim South beyond its usual tangential place as a mere subset of American empire.
eBook
Which ideas should guide US Foreign Policy? Holding fundamentalist policy paradigms to account
In this article, we trace the failure of neoconservative and neoliberal thinkers to revise positions in light of changing US fortunes to highlight the need to evaluate paradigmatic contributions to US Foreign Policy. Drawing on the philosophy of science literature, we suggest that, in order for approaches to be taken seriously, their proponents ought to present means of their own falsification. We argue that the obstinacy of paradigms is not merely of academic importance, since such approaches may contribute to the very crises they claim to resolve. This should give policy makers reasons to reject them as fundamentalist.
Journal Article
Henry Adams’s Protean Views of the American Empire, 1890–1905
In the history of the Gilded Age and its geopolitics, Henry Adams has a reputation for being an imperialist. While not universally subscribed to by historians, this characterization has waxed sufficiently as to eclipse Adams’s more complex, even contradictory, record on the American Empire. The evidence I will marshal will not prove that Adams was actually an anti-imperialist, but it will reveal the protean nature of Adams’s views of the American Empire. To get a grip on this relatively unexamined aspect of Adams’s thought, I will analyze his correspondence during the last decade of the nineteenth century in which he criticized the extension of American power across the Pacific, particularly in regard to its political economy, religion, and civilization. With the onset of the American Filipino War, Adams raged at the news of American atrocities. This paper shows that Adams’s outrage was part of an incipient civilizational ideology, one that neither materialized into an attachment to the anti-imperialist cause nor accepted the vaunted superiority of the West. Even though Adams possessed no principle to guide his thinking on the empire, his pessimistic evaluation of the extension of American power is enough to reconsider his reputation as an imperialist.
Journal Article
Self-deception, war, and the quest for the appropriate prophylactic
A contribution to the roundtable on Anna Galeotti's book. This review examines the utility of taking a prophylactic approach to the study of the history of U.S. military interventions.
Journal Article
“I Am Already Annexed”: Ramon Reyes Lala and the Crafting of “Philippine” Advocacy for American Empire
This article reconstructs the American career of the Manila-born author Ramon Reyes Lala. Lala became a naturalized United States citizen shortly before the War of 1898 garnered public interest in the history and geography of the Philippines. He capitalized on this interest by fashioning himself into an Oxford-educated nationalist exiled in the United States for his anti-Spanish activism, all the while hiding a South Asian background. Lala's spirited defense of American annexation and war earned him the political patronage of the Republican Party. Yet though Lala offered himself as a ‘model’ Philippine-American citizen, his patrons offered Lala as evidence of U.S. benevolence and Philippine civilization potential shorn of citizenship. His embodied contradictions, then, extended to his position as a producer of colonial knowledge, a racialized commodity, and a representative Filipino in the United States when many in the archipelago would not recognize him as such. Lala's advocacy for American Empire, I contend, reflected an understanding of nationality born of diasporic merchant communities, while his precarious success in the middle-class economy of print and public speaking depended on his deft maneuvering between modalities of power hardening in terms of race. His career speaks more broadly to the entwined and contradictory processes of commerce, race formation, and colonial knowledge production.
Journal Article