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Offers an overview of state of the art passive macromodeling techniques with an emphasis on black-box approaches This book offers coverage of developments in linear macromodeling, with a focus on effective, proven methods. After starting with a definition of the fundamental properties that must characterize models of physical systems, the authors discuss several prominent passive macromodeling algorithms for lumped and distributed systems and compare them under accuracy, efficiency, and robustness standpoints. The book includes chapters with standard background material (such as linear time-invariant circuits and systems, basic discretization of field equations, state-space systems), as well as appendices collecting basic facts from linear algebra, optimization templates, and signals and transforms. The text also covers more technical and advanced topics, intended for the specialist, which may be skipped at first reading. * Provides coverage of black-box passive macromodeling, an approach developed by the authors * Elaborates on main concepts and results in a mathematically precise way using easy-to-understand language * Illustrates macromodeling concepts through dedicated examples * Includes a comprehensive set of end-of-chapter problems and exercises Passive Macromodeling: Theory and Applications serves as a reference for senior or graduate level courses in electrical engineering programs, and to engineers in the fields of numerical modeling, simulation, design, and optimization of electrical/electronic systems. Stefano Grivet-Talocia, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Circuit Theory at the Politecnico di Torino in Turin, Italy, and President of IdemWorks. Dr. Grivet-Talocia is author of over 150 technical papers published in international journals and conference proceedings. He invented several algorithms in the area of passive macromodeling, making them available through IdemWorks. Bjørn Gustavsen, PhD, is a Chief Research Scientist in Energy Systems at SINTEF Energy Research in Trondheim, Norway. More than ten years ago, Dr. Gustavsen developed the original version of the vector fitting method with Prof. Semlyen at the University of Toronto. The vector fitting method is one of the most widespread approaches for model extraction. Dr. Gustavsen is also an IEEE fellow.

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) continues to impact semiconductor components and systems as technologies scale from micro- to nano-electronics. This book studies electrical overstress, ESD, and latchup from a whole-chip ESD design synthesis approach. It provides a clear insight into the integration of ESD protection networks from a generalist perspective, followed by examples in specific technologies, circuits, and chips. Uniquely both the semiconductor chip integration issues and floorplanning of ESD networks are covered from a 'top-down' design approach. Look inside for extensive coverage on: * integration of cores, power bussing, and signal pins in DRAM, SRAM, CMOS image processing chips, microprocessors, analog products, RF components and how the integration influences ESD design and integration * architecturing of mixed voltage, mixed signal, to RF design for ESD analysis * floorplanning for peripheral and core I/O designs, and the implications on ESD and latchup * guard ring integration for both a 'bottom-up' and 'top-down' methodology addressing I/O guard rings, ESD guard rings, I/O to I/O, and I/O to core * classification of ESD power clamps and ESD signal pin circuitry, and how to make the correct choice for a given semiconductor chip * examples of ESD design for the state-of-the-art technologies discussed, including CMOS, BiCMOS, silicon on insulator (SOI), bipolar technology, high voltage CMOS (HVCMOS), RF CMOS, and smart power * practical methods for the understanding of ESD circuit power distribution, ground rule development, internal bus distribution, current path analysis, quality metrics ESD: Design and Synthesis is a continuation of the author's series of books on ESD protection. It is an essential reference for: ESD, circuit, and semiconductor engineers; design synthesis team leaders; layout design, characterisation, floorplanning, test and reliability engineers; technicians; and groundrule and test site developers in the manufacturing and design of semiconductor chips. It is also useful for graduate and undergraduate students in electrical engineering, semiconductor sciences, and manufacturing sciences, and on courses involving the design of ESD devices, chips and systems. This book offers a useful insight into the issues that confront modern technology as we enter the nano-electronic era.

The application of a versatile, low‐temperature thin‐film transistor (TFT) technology is presently described as the implementation on a flexible substrate of an analog front‐end (AFE) system for the acquisition of bio‐potential signals. The technology is based on semiconducting amorphous indium‐gallium‐zinc oxide (IGZO). The AFE system consists of three monolithically integrated constituent components: a bias‐filter circuit with a bio‐compatible low cut‐off frequency of ≈1 Hz, a 4‐stage differential amplifier offering a large gain‐bandwidth product of ≈955 kHz, and an additional notch filter exhibiting over 30 dB suppression of the power‐line noise. Respectively built using conductive IGZO electrodes with thermally induced donor agents and enhancement‐mode fluorinated IGZO TFTs with exceptionally low leakage current, both capacitors and resistors with significantly reduced footprints are realized. Defined as the ratio of the gain‐bandwidth product of an AFE system to its area, a record‐setting figure‐of‐merit of ≈86 kHz mm−2 is achieved. This is about an order of magnitude larger than the < 10 kHz mm−2 of the nearest benchmark. Requiring no supplementary off‐substrate signal‐conditioning components and occupying an area of ≈11 mm2, the stand‐alone AFE system is successfully applied to both electromyography and electrocardiography (ECG). Presently described is The application of a versatile, low‐temperature thin‐film transistor technology to the implementation of a flexible substrate of an analog front‐end system for the acquisition of bio‐potential signals is presen. The analog front‐end system consists of three monolithically integrated constituent components: an area‐saving bias‐filter circuit, a high‐gain 4‐stage differential amplifier, and a notch filter to remove power line noise.

In this study, various vegetable proteins and two different mycelia of P. sapidus [submerged cultivated with isomaltulose molasses (Südzucker AG, Offstein) or apple pomace (Döhler AG, Darmstadt)] were examined in a vegan boiled sausage analog system and compared with two different formulations of boiled sausage (German recipe/Russian recipe) by sensory tests and texture profile analysis (TPA). The samples were analyzed and tasted immediately after production and after 4 weeks of storage at 2 °C. In addition, the aw value, pH value, color (L × a × b value), and weight loss after boiling were determined. The hardness of the samples as determined by TPA was correlated with the sensory impressions. Compared to the Russian formulation, the vegan alternative with basidiomycetous mycelia showed particularly strong advantages in terms of strength and hardness. The use of mycelia of basidiomycetes proved to be a suitable alternative to commercial vegetable proteins.

A comprehensive and in-depth review of analog circuit layout, schematic architecture, device, power network and ESD design This book will provide a balanced overview of analog circuit design layout, analog circuit schematic development, architecture of chips, and ESD design.  It will start at an introductory level and will bring the reader right up to the state-of-the-art. Two critical design aspects for analog and power integrated circuits are combined. The first design aspect covers analog circuit design techniques to achieve the desired circuit performance. The second and main aspect presents the additional challenges associated with the design of adequate and effective ESD protection elements and schemes. A comprehensive list of practical application examples is used to demonstrate the successful combination of both techniques and any potential design trade-offs.  Chapter One looks at analog design discipline, including layout and analog matching and analog layout design practices. Chapter Two discusses  analog design with circuits, examining: single transistor amplifiers; multi-transistor amplifiers; active loads and more. The third chapter covers analog design layout (also MOSFET layout), before Chapters Four and Five discuss analog design synthesis. The next chapters introduce the reader to analog-digital mixed signal design synthesis, analog signal pin ESD networks, and analog ESD power clamps. Chapter Nine, the last chapter, covers ESD design in analog applications. * Clearly describes analog design fundamentals (circuit fundamentals) as well as outlining the various ESD implications * Covers a large breadth of subjects and technologies, such as CMOS, LDMOS, BCD, SOI, and thick body SOI * Establishes an \"ESD analog design\" discipline that distinguishes itself from the alternative ESD digital design focus * Focuses on circuit and circuit design applications * Assessible, with the artwork and tutorial style of the ESD book series * PowerPoint slides are available for university faculty members Even in the world of digital circuits, analog and power circuits are two very important but under-addressed topics, especially from the ESD aspect.  Dr. Voldman's new book will serve as an essential and practical guide to the greater IC community. With high practical and academic values this book is a \"bible\" for professionals, graduate students, device and circuit designers for investigating the physics of ESD and for product designs and testing. 

The design of neural network architectures is carried out using methods that optimize a particular objective function, in which a point that minimizes the function is sought. In reported works, they only focused on software simulations or commercial complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS), neither of which guarantees the quality of the solution. In this work, we designed a hardware architecture using individual neurons as building blocks based on the optimization of n-dimensional objective functions, such as obtaining the bias and synaptic weight parameters of an artificial neural network (ANN) model using the gradient descent method. The ANN-based architecture has a 5-3-1 configuration and is implemented on a 1.2 μm technology integrated circuit, with a total power consumption of 46.08 mW, using nine neurons and 36 CMOS operational amplifiers (op-amps). We show the results obtained from the application of integrated circuits for ANNs simulated in PSpice applied to the classification of digital data, demonstrating that the optimization method successfully obtains the synaptic weights and bias values generated by the learning algorithm (Steepest-Descent), for the design of the neural architecture.

BackgroundPET-based myocardial blood flow (MBF) quantification can be inaccurate when using high tracer activities. Our aim was to derive the maximal Rubidium-82 activity for MBF assessment using a new digital PET system and compare the results with conventional analog systems.Methods1.8 GBq Rubidium-82 was injected into the cardiac insert of an anthropomorphic torso phantom. Data were acquired for 10 min using an Ingenuity TF (Philips Healthcare), Discovery 690 (D690, GE Healthcare), and digital PET prototype system (Philips Healthcare). The dynamic ranges, defined as the maximal measured activity in the reconstructed images deviating < 10% from the true present activity, were determined in all scans.ResultsThe dynamic ranges were 312 MBq for Ingenuity TF, 650 MBq for D690, and 654 MBq for digital PET prototype.ConclusionsThe maximal Rb-82 activity for MBF assessment using digital PET prototype is higher than that for its analog counterpart (Ingenuity TF), but seems comparable to the D690.

Tachyons are hypothetical particles with imaginary mass that travel faster than light. However, methods to experimentally verify whether tachyons exist are lacking. Here, we propose a novel scheme to create analogue tachyons using a transmission line composed of superconducting nonlinear asymmetric inductive elements and to detect them by controlling the wavenumber in order to extend their lifetime. In particular, we numerically demonstrate the exotic property of tachyons where their velocity increases with decreasing energy. Our proposal offers a promising approach to understanding tachyon condensation , which is crucial for elucidating the origins of the Universe, in a realizable laboratory system.

On a now orthodox view, humans and many other animals possess a “number sense,” or approximate number system (ANS), that represents number. Recently, this orthodox view has been subject to numerous critiques that question whether the ANS genuinely represents number. We distinguish three lines of critique – the arguments from congruency, confounds, and imprecision – and show that none succeed. We then provide positive reasons to think that the ANS genuinely represents numbers, and not just non-numerical confounds or exotic substitutes for number, such as “numerosities” or “quanticals,” as critics propose. In so doing, we raise a neglected question: numbers of what kind? Proponents of the orthodox view have been remarkably coy on this issue. But this is unsatisfactory since the predictions of the orthodox view, including the situations in which the ANS is expected to succeed or fail, turn on the kind(s) of number being represented. In response, we propose that the ANS represents not only natural numbers (e.g., 7), but also non-natural rational numbers (e.g., 3.5). It does not represent irrational numbers (e.g., √2), however, and thereby fails to represent the real numbers more generally. This distances our proposal from existing conjectures, refines our understanding of the ANS, and paves the way for future research.

The Karatau structural complex (KSC) is one of the most complicated geological structures of the Southern Urals. Its complexity is confirmed by the diversity of points of view on the origin: (1) the complex arose due to vertical movements; (2) the complex is thrusted as a result of horizontal compression; (3) the complex is a flexural bulge resulting from a load on the lithosphere. The KSC belongs to the external part of the shortened paleomargin mainly composed of Proterozoic rocks (1650-540 Ma) above an Archean basement. It appears on the map as a nearly square-shaped structure bounded by two strike-slip faults where the western deformation front of the Ural is apparently offset by 20 to 30 km to the northwest. We follow Kamaletdinov's and Brown's ideas, where a shortening is applied parallel to a former elongated extensional sedimentary basin perpendicular to the margin. This results in a farther propagation of the deformation front within the deep basin bounded by normal faults, which are reactivated as transfer strike-slip faults. The geodynamic setting thus corresponds to a rift-rift-rift triple junction reactivated during the orogenic shortening. We reviewed and compared the most recently available geological data and seismic lines. Subsequently, we constructed a series of new geological sections to refine the depth of the former rift sequences and the décollements both within and outside the KSC. Using this precise model of décollement depth, we use sandbox analogue modelling to better understand the kinematic and mechanical evolution of the KSC and test our hypotheses. Sandbox analogue modelling made it possible to recreate the general features of the KSC: approximative number of thrusts, their forward propagation to the west with respect to the front of deformation outside the KSC, and the different shortenings within and outside the KSC.