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Paper-based analytical devices for point-of-need applications
Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) are powerful platforms for point-of-need testing since they are inexpensive devices fabricated in different shapes and miniaturized sizes, ensuring better portability. Additionally, the readout and detection systems can be accomplished with portable devices, allying with the features of both systems. These devices have been introduced as promising analytical platforms to meet critical demands involving rapid, reliable, and simple testing. They have been applied to monitor species related to environmental, health, and food issues. Herein, an outline of chronological events involving PADs is first reported. This work also introduces insights into fundamental parameters to engineer new analytical platforms, including the paper type and device operation. The discussions involve the main analytical techniques used as detection systems, such as colorimetry, fluorescence, and electrochemistry. It also showed recent advances involving PADs, especially combining optical and electrochemical detection into a single device. Dual/combined detection systems can overcome individual barriers of the analytical techniques, making possible simultaneous determinations, or enhancing the devices’ sensitivity and/or selectivity. In addition, this review reports on distance-based detection, which is also considered a trend in analytical chemistry. Distance-based detection offers instrument-free analyses and avoids user interpretation errors, which are outstanding features for analyses at the point of need, especially for resource-limited regions. Finally, this review provides a critical overview of the practical specifications of the recent analytical platforms involving PADs, demonstrating their challenges. Therefore, this work can be a highly useful reference for new research and innovation.
Graphical Abstract
Journal Article
Teaching innovations in lipid science
\"Filled with practical strategies and exciting experiments, Teaching Innovations in Lipid Science addresses lipid education at a range of levels from the novice to the graduate student and teacher. Peer-reviewed contributions from internationally known specialists describe several methods and approaches designed to create new lipid courses, modify existing courses, and serve as a basis for pursuing novel avenues of instruction.\"--BOOK JACKET.
Book
New Complex Analytic Methods in the Study of Non-Orientable Minimal Surfaces in ℝⁿ
The aim of this work is to adapt the complex analytic methods originating in modern Oka theory to the study of non-orientable
conformal minimal surfaces in
All our new tools mentioned above apply to non-orientable minimal surfaces endowed with a fixed choice
of a conformal structure. This enables us to obtain significant new applications to the global theory of non-orientable minimal
surfaces. In particular, we construct proper non-orientable conformal minimal surfaces in
eBook
Tat_(B)ioV: tattoo ink exposure and biokinetics of selected tracers in a short-term clinical study of 24 subjects
About one-fifth of people in industrialised countries are tattooed, potentially putting them at risk of exposure to possible carcinogenic or otherwise harmful substances. This study aims to determine the exposure to soluble tattoo ink ingredients and their excretion within 24 h after tattooing. In this clinical study, 24 subjects were tattooed with black or red tattoo ink to which the 3 tracer substances, potassium iodide, 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and 2-phenoxyethanol (PEtOH), had been added to mimic known substances found in tattoo inks. Tracers and their metabolites were quantified in blood, urine, ink and consumables pre- and post-tattooing. Tattooed skin area was determined using picture analysis. PABA metabolism upon tattooing was compared to peroral administration. Skin fibroblasts and macrophages were tested in vitro for their ability to metabolise PABA. All tracers or their metabolites were identified in urine; iodide and the PABA metabolite 4-acetamidobenzoic acid (ACD) were identified in plasma. The worst-case scenario for systemic ink exposure was estimated to be 0.31 g ink per tattoo session (75th percentile). Peroral administration resulted in lower levels of ACD than tattooing. Fibroblasts and macrophages were capable of converting PABA into ACD. Our results are the first human in vivo data on soluble tattoo ink ingredients and suggest that the overall exposure might be lower than the estimates previously used for regulatory purposes. In addition, the first-pass effect by skin metabolism leads to an altered metabolite profile compared to oral exposure. Skin metabolism might also contribute to detoxification of certain carcinogenic substances through N-acetylation.
Journal Article
Enhancing Sustainable Analytical Chemistry in Liquid Chromatography: Guideline for Transferring Classical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Methods into Greener, Bluer, and Whiter Methods
This review is dedicated to sustainable practices in liquid chromatography. HPLC and UHPLC methods contribute significantly to routine analytical techniques. Therefore, the transfer of classical liquid chromatographic methods into sustainable ones is of utmost importance in moving toward sustainable development goals. Among other principles to render a liquid chromatographic method green, the substitution of the organic solvent component in the mobile phase with a greener one received great attention. This review concentrates on choosing the best alternative green organic solvent to replace the classical solvent in the mobile phase for easy, rapid transfer to a more sustainable normal phase or reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The main focus of this review will be on describing the transfer of non-green to green and white chromatographic methods in an effort to elevate sustainability best practices in analytical chemistry. The greenness properties and greenness ranking, in addition to the chromatographic suitability of seventeen organic solvents for liquid chromatography, are mentioned to have a clear insight into the issue of rapidly choosing the appropriate solvent to transfer a classical HPLC or UHPLC method into a more sustainable one. A simple guide is proposed for making the liquid chromatographic method more sustainable.
Journal Article
Recent progress of metal–organic frameworks as sensors in (bio)analytical fields: towards real-world applications
The deployment of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in a plethora of analytical and bioanalytical applications is a growing research area. Their unique properties such as high but tunable porosity, well-defined channels or pores, and ease of post-synthetic modification to incorporate additional functional units make them ideal candidates for sensing applications. This is possible because the interaction of analytes with a MOF often results in a change in its structure, eventually leading to a modification of the intrinsic physicochemical properties of the MOF which is then transduced into a measurable signal. The high porosity allows for the adsorption of analytes very efficiently, while the tunable pore sizes/nature and/or installation of specific recognition groups allow modulating the affinity towards different classes of compounds, which in turn lead to good sensor sensitivity and selectivity, respectively. Some figures are given to illustrate the potential of MOF-based sensors in the most relevant application fields, and future challenges and opportunities to their possible translation from academia (i.e., laboratory testing of MOF sensing properties) to industry (i.e., real-world analytical sensor devices) are critically discussed.
Graphical abstract
Journal Article
“Do it yourself” protocol to fabricate dual-detection paper-based analytical device for salivary biomarker analysis
This paper describes the design and construction of dual microfluidic paper–based analytical devices (dual-μPADs) as a lab-on-paper platform involving a “do-it-yourself” fabrication protocol. The device comprises a colorimetric and electrochemical module to obtain a dual-mode signal readout sensing strategy. A 3D pen polymeric resin was used to prepare graphite carbon-based electrodes and hydrophobic barriers on paper substrates. The proposed carbon-based ink was employed to manufacture electrodes on paper based on a stencil-printing approach, which were further characterized by electrochemical and morphological analyses. The analytical performance of the dual-μPADs was simultaneously evaluated for lactate, pH, nitrite, and salivary amylase (sAA) analysis. To demonstrate the proof-of-concept, saliva samples collected from both healthy individuals and those with periodontitis were successfully tested to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed devices. Samples collected from individuals previously diagnosed with periodontitis showed high levels of nitrite and sAA (> 94 μmol L
−1
and > 610 U mL
−1
) in comparison with healthy individuals (≤ 16 μmol L
−1
and 545 U mL
−1
). Moreover, periodontitis saliva resulted in acid solution and almost null lactate levels. Notably, this protocol supplies a simple way to manufacture dual-μPADs, a versatile platform for sensitive detecting of biomarkers in saliva playing a crucial role towards the point-of-care diagnosis of periodontal disease.
Journal Article
Ionic liquids in green analytical chemistry—are they that good and green enough?
The widespread use of ionic liquids (ILs) as greener solvents in analytical sciences, especially in sample pretreatment, has focused attention on exploiting their enormous potential, not only on eliminating and improving the drawbacks faced by scientists. These ionic compounds with unique physicochemical properties can be tuned through smart synthesis, combining cations and anions, so that the compound exhibits excellent properties for its intended purpose. Ionic liquids are rightly referred to as designer solvents. Validation of a newly proposed analytical methods using ionic liquids, either in sample preparation or in further analysis, is a critical process to demonstrate that a particular analytical method is fit for purpose and provides reliable and accurate results. In addition, this article specially addressed the potential toxicity of ionic liquids with the modest goal of assisting researchers in this field by expanding their target areas.
Journal Article
Green analytical chemistry metrics for evaluating the greenness of analytical procedures
Green analytical chemistry (GAC) focuses on mitigating the adverse effects of analytical activities on human safety, human health, and environment. In addition to the 12 principles of GAC, proper GAC tools should be developed and employed to assess the greenness of different analytical assays. The 15 widely used GAC metrics, i.e., national environmental methods index (NEMI), advanced NEMI, assessment of green profile (AGP), chloroform-oriented toxicity estimation scale (ChlorTox Scale), Analytical Eco-Scale, Green Certificate Modified Eco-Scale, analytical method greenness score (AMGS), green analytical procedure index (GAPI), ComplexGAPI, red-green-blue (RGB) additive color model, RGB 12 algorithm, analytical greenness calculator (AGREE), AGREE preparation (AGREEprep), HEXAGON, and blue applicability grade index (BAGI), are selected as the typical tools. This article comprehensively presents and elucidates the principles, characteristics, merits, and demerits of 15 widely used GAC tools. This review is helpful for researchers to use the current GAC metrics to assess the environmental sustainability of analytical assays.
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•This article first describes the principles, attributes, merits, and demerits of 15 commonly used GAC metrics.•The future perspectives of GAC tools are presented and discussed.•This article is beneficial in comprehending the current GAC metrics.
Journal Article