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The present study analyzed micro-polar nanofluid in a rotating system between two parallel plates with electric and magnetic fields. The fluid flow study was performed in a steady state. The governing equations of the present issue are considered coupled and nonlinear equations with proper similar variables. Numerical and new semi-analytical methods have been employed to solve the problem to define the exactness of the results. The influence of physical parameters governing the problem is investigated and illustrated in detail in the diagram. Results show that velocity profile and micro-rotation velocity increased when the magnetic parameter increased. Furthermore, the velocity is increased by increasing the rotation parameter. Also, in the case of the temperature profile, the Reynolds and Schmidt numbers have an inverse effect, and Prandtl number and Brownian motion have a direct effect. Other results indicate that concentration value declines by increasing the thermophoretic parameter and Reynolds number. Results compared to the prior research display good accuracy and efficiency. The study demonstrates that the method provides quantifiable reliable outcomes while requiring less computing work than conventional techniques. This method offers significant advantages in terms of simplicity, applicability, computational efficiency and accuracy.

Electrical energy is critical to a country’s socioeconomic progress. Distribution system expansion planning addresses the services that must be installed for the distribution networks to meet the expected load need, while also meeting different operational and technical limitations. The incorporation of distributed generation sources (DGs) alters the operating characteristics of modern power systems, resulting in major economic and technical benefits, such as simplified distribution network expansion planning, lower power losses, and improved voltage profile. Thus, in this study, an analytical method is used to design the expansion planning of the Addis North distribution network considering the integration of optimal sizes of distributed generations for the projected demand growths. To evaluate the capability of the existing Addis North distribution network and its capability to supply reliable power considering future expansion, the load demand forecast for the years 2020–2030 is done using the least square method. The performance evaluation of the existing and the upgraded network considering the existing and forecasted load demand for the years 2030 is done using ETAP software. Accordingly, the results revealed that the existing networks cannot meet the existing load demand of the town, with major problems of increased power loss and a reduced voltage profile. To mitigate this problem, the Addis North feeder-1 distribution network is upgraded and for each study case, the balanced and positive sequence load flow analysis was executed and the maximum total real and reactive power losses were found at bus 29. The result shows that the upgraded network of bus 29 was the optimal location of DG and its size was 9.93 MW. After the optimal size of DG was placed at this bus, the real and reactive power losses of the upgraded networks were 0.2939 MW and 0.219 MVAr, respectively. At bus 29 the maximum power losses reduction and voltage profile improvements were found. The active and reactive power losses were minimized by 21.285% and 19.633% respectively and the voltage profiles were improved by 8.78%. Thus, in the predicted year 2030, DG power sources could cover 61.12% of the feeder-1 power requirements.

Multimorbidity, the presence of two or more long-term conditions, is a growing public health concern. Many studies use analytical methods to discover multimorbidity patterns from data. We aimed to review approaches used in published literature to validate these patterns. We systematically searched PubMed and Web of Science for studies published between July 2017 and July 2023 that used analytical methods to discover multimorbidity patterns. Out of 31,617 studies returned by the searches, 172 were included. Of these, 111 studies (64%) conducted validation, the number of studies with validation increased from 53.13% (17 out of 32 studies) to 71.25% (57 out of 80 studies) in 2017–2019 to 2022–2023, respectively. Five types of validation were identified: assessing the association of multimorbidity patterns with clinical outcomes (n = 79), stability across subsamples (n = 26), clinical plausibility (n = 22), stability across methods (n = 7) and exploring common determinants (n = 2). Some studies used multiple types of validation. The number of studies conducting a validation of multimorbidity patterns is clearly increasing. The most popular validation approach is assessing the association of multimorbidity patterns with clinical outcomes. Methodological guidance on the validation of multimorbidity patterns is needed.

Cytosolic-free calcium ions play an important role in various physical and physiological processes. A vital component of neural signaling is the free calcium ion concentration often known as the second messenger. There are many parameters that effect the cytosolic free calcium concentration like buffer, voltage-gated ion channels, Endoplasmic reticulum, Mitochondria, etc. Mitochondria are small organelles located within the nervous system that are involved in processes within cells such as calcium homeostasis management, energy generation, response to stress, and cell demise pathways. In this work, a mathematical model with fuzzy boundary values has been developed to study the effect of Mitochondria and ER fluxes on free Calcium ions. The intended findings are displayed utilizing the physiological understanding that amyloid beta plaques and tangles of neurofibrillary fibers have been identified as the two main causes of AD. The key conclusion of the work is the investigation of Ca2+ for healthy cells and cells affected by Alzheimer's disease, which may aid in the study of such processes for computational scientists and medical practitioners. Also, it has been shown that when a unique solution is found for a specific precise problem, it also successfully deals with any underlying ambiguity within the problem by utilizing a technique based on the principles of linear transformation. Furthermore, the comparison between the analytical approach and the generalized hukuhara derivative approach is shown here, which illustrates the benefits of the analytical approach. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB.

Development of analytical methods for the characterization (particle size determination, identification, and quantification) of the micro- and nanoscale plastic debris in the environment is a quickly emerging field and has gained considerable attention, not only within the scientific community, but also on the part of policy makers and the general public. In this Trends paper, the importance of developing and further improving analytical methodologies for the detection and characterization of sub-20-μm-range microplastics and especially nanoplastics is highlighted. A short overview of analytical methodologies showing considerable promise for the detection and characterization of such micro- and nanoscale plastic debris is provided, with emphasis on recent developments in mass spectrometry (MS)–based analytical methods. Novel hyphenated techniques combining the strengths of different analytical methods, such as field flow fractionation and MS-based detection, may be a way to adequately address the smallest fractions in plastic debris analysis, making such approaches worthwhile to be further explored.

Tea is one of the most popular drinks worldwide. In the process of tea planting, for controlling pests, a variety of pesticides are usually applied. Therefore, pesticide residues and their metabolites in tea leaves, as well as their adverse effects on tea drinkers' health, are becoming increasingly concerning. The tea-leaf matrix is very complex because it is rich in organic acids, polyphenols, natural pigments, catechins, flavonols, metallic/non-metallic elements, and other unconfirmed substances. Hence, it is a great challenge to conduct multi-residue analysis of pesticides in tea samples. Researchers worldwide have been devoted to the development of multi-residue analytical methods for pesticide detection in tea and have made great progress in recent years. In this review, the recent advances in the multi-residue analysis of pesticides in tea matrices, especially those regarding matrix effects and their elimination, sample preparation and detection techniques, were reviewed in depth, and future research directions were suggested as well.

The mechanism of ground settlement caused by the construction of small-radius curved tunnels is more complicated compared to straight tunnels. This paper takes Changzhou Metro Line 2 as an example, comprehensively considers the additional thrust of the tunnel face, the grouting pressure of the shield tail, the friction between the shield shell and surrounding soil, and the ground loss. The analytical methods, numerical simulation and field measurement are used to compare and study the law of ground settlement of small-radius curved tunnels. The results show that the main factors that induce surface deformation during shield construction of small-radius curved tunnels are ground loss and shield shell friction. The ground settlement caused by the ground loss accounts for about 90% of the total settlement, while the shield shell friction mainly causes ground heave. The deformation of the transverse plane of the tunnel is distributed asymmetrically along the tunnel axis, showing a curved shape with a small radius, and the ground settlement in front of the tunnel shows a “W” shape. Meanwhile, the ground settlement is negatively correlated with the increase in the radius of curvature. As the radius of the curve decreases, the surrounding soil of the curved tunnel shows a tendency to tilt toward the tunnel. This research can provide basis and data support for the ground settlement prediction of shield construction of small-radius curved tunnel.HighlightsCombined with analytical method, numerical simulation and field measured data, the prediction method of ground settlement caused by shield tunneling in small-radius curved tunnel is discussed.Considering factors such as additional thrust, grouting pressure, the shield shell friction, and ground loss, the law of ground settlement during shield construction of small-radius curved tunnels are studied.In the process of shield construction of small-radius curved tunnel, the main inducing factor of ground settlement is ground loss, the main inducing factor of the ground heave is the friction of the shield shell.

Polyphenols, the most abundant components in tea, determine the quality and health function of tea. The analysis of polyphenols in tea is a topic of increasing interest. However, the complexity of the tea matrix, the wide variety of teas, and the difference in determination purposes puts forward higher requirements for the detection of tea polyphenols. Many efforts have been made to provide a highly sensitive and selective analytical method for the determination and characterization of tea polyphenols. In order to provide new insight for the further development of polyphenols in tea, in the present review we summarize the recent literature for the detection of tea polyphenols from the perspectives of determining total polyphenols and individual polyphenols in tea. There are a variety of methods for the analysis of total tea polyphenols, which range from the traditional titration method, to the widely used spectrophotometry based on the color reaction of Folin–Ciocalteu, and then to the current electrochemical sensor for rapid on-site detection. Additionally, the application of improved liquid chromatography (LC) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) were emphasized for the simultaneous determination of multiple polyphenols and the identification of novel polyphenols. Finally, a brief outline of future development trends are discussed.

Abstract The widespread occurrence of antibiotics in the environment may exert a negative impact on wild organisms. In addition, they can become environmental reservoirs, through the ingestion of food or contaminated water, and vectors for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This fact is even more important in migratory birds that can promote their dissemination across continents. In this work, a multiresidue analytical method suitable for the determination of five families of antibiotics and their main metabolites in waterbird faeces has been developed and validated. The target compounds include environmentally significant sulfonamides, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines and antifolates. Sample treatment involves ultrasound-assisted extraction with methanol and dispersive solid-phase extraction clean-up with C18. Analytical determination was carried out by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The most significant parameters affecting sample extraction and extract clean-up were optimised by means of experimental designs. Good linearity (R2 > 0.994), accuracy (from 41 to 127%), precision (relative standard deviation lower than 24%) and limits of quantification (lower than 2 ng g−1 (dry weight, dw)) were obtained for most of the compounds. The method was applied to the determination of the selected compounds in 27 faeces samples from three common migratory waterbird species. Nine antibiotics and three of their metabolites were detected in the analysed samples. Fluoroquinolones and macrolides were the antibiotics most frequently detected. The highest concentrations corresponded to norfloxacin (up to 199 ng g−1 dw).

The aim of this study was to develop and validate one discriminatory dissolution method for evaluation of amorphous solid dispersion of Artemether in its fixed dose combination (FDC) of Artemether lumefantrine tablets. Methods: The evaluation of discriminatory power of the selected dissolution method was based on saturation solubility and sink condition. The impact of addition of surfactant was evaluated in the selected dissolution method comparing the dissolution rate of Artemether from immediate release Artemether and lumefantrine tablets. Comparative dissolution profile of Artemether from conventional immediate release tablet and solid dispersion tablets were compared using the selected discriminatory dissolution method. The resulting final dissolution method was validated for linearity, precision, robustness and solution stability inline with ICH. Phosphate buffer pH 6.8 (without any surfactant) was finalized as the discriminatory dissolution method based on the comparative dissolution profile between conventional Artemether tablets and Artemether tablets prepared with solid dispersion technology. The proposed analytical method was capable to discriminate different formulation of Artemether .HPLC method with UV detection at wavelengths of 216 nm was followed.The method was found to be linear (R2=0.9998) over a range of 80-120 % of analyte target.The results for precision, robustness and solution stability were well within the acceptance limit for % RSD. The proposed dissolution method for amorphous solid dispersion of Artemether is robust and discriminatory which can be explored as a tool for quality control and also for in vivo assessment.