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The anatomy of murder
This is the first comprehensive account of \"Anatomy in National Socialism\". Traces the gradual escalation of ethical transgressions in anatomy during National Socialism from the traditional anatomical work with the dead to human experimentation, and points to the need for vigilance against similar gradual ethical compromise in contemporary medical ethics. Demonstrates the manner in which anatomists became complicit in the complete annihilation of the perceived \"enemies\" of the Nazi-government. Demands the full reconstruction of the biographies and memorialization of Nazi-victims, whose bodies were used for anatomical purposes.
eBook
Common genetic variants influence human subcortical brain structures
Genome-wide association studies are used to identify common genetic variants that affect the structure of selected subcortical regions of the human brain; their identification provides insight into the causes of variability in brain development and may help to determine mechanisms of neuropsychiatric dysfunction.
Genetic variants that alter brain development
This genome-wide association study of 30,717 individuals identifies common genetic variants that affect the structure of selected subcortical regions of the brain known to be involved in functions associated with movement, learning, memory and motivation. The results provide insight into the causes of variability in human brain development and may help elucidate mechanisms of neuropsychiatric dysfunction. Of particular interest are six novel genetic loci influencing the volumes of the putamen, caudate nucleus and global head size.
The highly complex structure of the human brain is strongly shaped by genetic influences
1
. Subcortical brain regions form circuits with cortical areas to coordinate movement
2
, learning, memory
3
and motivation
4
, and altered circuits can lead to abnormal behaviour and disease
2
. To investigate how common genetic variants affect the structure of these brain regions, here we conduct genome-wide association studies of the volumes of seven subcortical regions and the intracranial volume derived from magnetic resonance images of 30,717 individuals from 50 cohorts. We identify five novel genetic variants influencing the volumes of the putamen and caudate nucleus. We also find stronger evidence for three loci with previously established influences on hippocampal volume
5
and intracranial volume
6
. These variants show specific volumetric effects on brain structures rather than global effects across structures. The strongest effects were found for the putamen, where a novel intergenic locus with replicable influence on volume (rs945270;
P
= 1.08 × 10
−33
; 0.52% variance explained) showed evidence of altering the expression of the
KTN1
gene in both brain and blood tissue. Variants influencing putamen volume clustered near developmental genes that regulate apoptosis, axon guidance and vesicle transport. Identification of these genetic variants provides insight into the causes of variability in human brain development, and may help to determine mechanisms of neuropsychiatric dysfunction.
Journal Article
The Foot and Ankle of Australopithecus sediba
A well-preserved and articulated partial foot and ankle of Australopithecus sediba, including an associated complete adult distal tibia, talus, and calcaneus, have been discovered at the Malapa site, South Africa, and reported in direct association with the female paratype Malapa Hominin 2. These fossils reveal a mosaic of primitive and derived features that are distinct from those seen in other hominins. The ankle (talocrural) joint is mostly humanlike in form and inferred function, and there is some evidence for a humanlike arch and Achilles tendon. However, Au. sediba is apelike in possessing a more gracile calcaneal body and a more robust medial malleolus than expected. These observations suggest, if present models of foot function are correct, that Au. sediba may have practiced a unique form of bipedalism and some degree of arboreality. Given the combination of features in the Au. sediba foot, as well as comparisons between Au. sediba and older hominins, homoplasy is implied in the acquisition of bipedal adaptations in the hominin foot.
Journal Article
Investigation of Studies on ChatGPT's Ability to Answer Anatomy Questions: A Self-Evaluation by ChatGPT and Comparison with an Evaluation by Gemini
There is controversy about ChatGPT's (OpenAI, San Francisco, CA) potential to answer anatomy questions and play a significant role in anatomy education. We aimed to assess ChatGPT's ability to locate and summarize literature about its performance in answering anatomy questions. We also aimed to explore Gemini's (Google, Mountain View, CA) ability to perform this task.
We asked ChatGPT and Gemini to list and summarize five studies: 1) about ChatGPT's ability to answer anatomy questions, 2) comparing ChatGPT with another artificial intelligence (AI) tool in terms of answering anatomy questions, and 3) showing that ChatGPT answered anatomy questions with success lower than 70%. For each query, we measured how many studies were 1) correctly identified and 2) accurately summarized, and we assessed the presence of any bias.
ChatGPT performed excellently in the first query (100%/100%), poorly in the second (20%/20%), and moderately in the third query (60%/40%). It conducted a strict self-evaluation and did not hallucinate. Gemini's performance was 100%/40%, 60%/40%, and 80%/60% in the three queries, respectively. It was inflexible in finding a variety of publications, while it often hallucinated and exhibited bias against ChatGPT.
ChatGPT and Gemini generated reliable responses only when they were simply asked to detect studies about ChatGPT's ability to answer anatomy questions. They particularly struggled to locate and outline comparative studies. While Gemini performed generally better, it hallucinated and exhibited bias against ChatGPT. Ongoing evolution may enhance ChatGPT and Gemini's potential to contribute to anatomical research.
Journal Article
Cadaveric Study on the Anatomical Variations in the Branching Pattern of the Tibial Nerve to the Deep Muscles of the Posterior Compartment of the Leg
This study aimed to classify and assess the motor branching patterns of the tibial nerve (TN) to the flexor digitorum longus (FDL), tibialis posterior (TP), and flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscles.
This observational cadaveric study examined the motor branching patterns of the TN by dissecting 60 adult lower limbs preserved in formalin. Standard dissection techniques exposed the TN from its origin at the apex of the popliteal fossa, where it arises from the sciatic nerve, to its bifurcation into the medial and lateral plantar nerves within the tarsal tunnel near the medial malleolus, with particular attention paid to its branches supplying the FHL, FDL, and TP muscles.
Three distinct branching patterns were identified based on the number and configuration of motor branches supplying the posterior compartments' deep muscles. Type I was observed in 42 (70%) limbs and exhibited individual branches to each FHL, FDL, and TP muscle. Type II, found in 14 (23.33%) limbs, demonstrated two main branches supplying all three muscles. Type III, seen in four (6.67%) limbs, showed a single common branch innervating all three muscles. Representative dissection photographs were obtained to illustrate each branching pattern.
This study revealed three distinct TN branching patterns to the deep posterior compartment of the leg, with the most common type being the TN giving separate branches to each muscle. These findings have significant clinical relevance for improving the safety of surgical procedures, regional anesthesia, and the management of TN pathologies. A comprehensive understanding of these variations is essential for minimizing the risk of nerve injury and guiding more effective surgical and therapeutic strategies.
Journal Article