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Abstract Background Chronic post-thoracotomy pain (CPP) has a high incidence. However, less is known about risk factors and the influence of different analgesia therapies. Methods In this prospective cohort study, patients either received standardized epidural analgesia or began an oral analgesic protocol with controlled-release oxycodone immediately postoperatively. Patients answered a baseline questionnaire on the day before surgery and a follow-up questionnaire six months postoperatively. The questionnaire included Short-Form 12, the Neuropathic Pain Scale, and descriptive questions for CPP. Pain protocols of all patients were examined. Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors related to CPP. Results One hundred seventy-four patients were enrolled; data of 131 patients were available after the six-month follow-up period. Fifty-one patients (39%) had CPP six months postoperatively. Of these, more than 80% had impaired daily activity or ability to work, or reported sleeping disturbance due to CPP. The strongest predictive factors for the development of CPP were: thoracic pain for three months preoperatively (odds ratio [OR] = 3.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.69–7.40, P = 0.001), thoracic pain for 12 months preoperatively (OR = 2.73, 95% CI = 1.28–5.83, P = 0.009), and higher pain scores at rest in the first five postoperative days compared with patients without CPP (OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.24–2.57, P = 0.002). Neuropathic pain was present in 4.8% of patients. Patients with CPP had a reduced physical (P = 0.005) and mental health status (P = 0.03) six months after surgery compared with patients without CPP. Conclusions Preoperative thoracic pain and higher pain scores in the first five postoperative days seem to be the strongest risk factors for the development of CPP. CPP patients reported poorer mental and physical health before and six months after surgery.

The perioperative use and relevance of protective ventilation in surgical patients is being increasingly recognized. Obesity poses particular challenges to adequate mechanical ventilation in addition to surgical constraints, primarily by restricted lung mechanics due to excessive adiposity, frequent respiratory comorbidities (i.e. sleep apnea, asthma), and concerns of postoperative respiratory depression and other pulmonary complications. The number of surgical patients with obesity is increasing, and facing these challenges is common in the operating rooms and critical care units worldwide. In this review we summarize the existing literature which supports the following recommendations for the perioperative ventilation in obese patients: (1) the use of protective ventilation with low tidal volumes (approximately 8 mL/kg, calculated based on predicted -not actual- body weight) to avoid volutrauma; (2) a focus on lung recruitment by utilizing PEEP (8–15 cmH 2 O) in addition to recruitment maneuvers during the intraoperative period, as well as incentivized deep breathing and noninvasive ventilation early in the postoperative period, to avoid atelectasis, hypoxemia and atelectrauma; and (3) a judicious oxygen use (ideally less than 0.8) to avoid hypoxemia but also possible reabsorption atelectasis. Obesity poses an additional challenge for achieving adequate protective ventilation during one-lung ventilation, but different lung isolation techniques have been adequately performed in obese patients by experienced providers. Postoperative efforts should be directed to avoid hypoventilation, atelectasis and hypoxemia. Further studies are needed to better define optimum protective ventilation strategies and analyze their impact on the perioperative outcomes of surgical patients with obesity.

Purpose This sub-analysis of the PROPDESC-study (Pre-Operative Prediction of postoperative delirium by appropriate Screening-study) evaluated the alcohol consumption of older patients with two different assessment tools (single sentence question and Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C)) and compared the results in regards to detection, reliability, and quantification of patient´s alcohol consumption. Methods During their anesthesiological pre-clinic visit 1084 patients older than 59 years were asked whether they consume alcohol daily and 668 of them additionally answered the AUDIT-C questionnaire. Results According to the SSQ 11.72% of the patients consumed alcohol daily. In the AUDIT-C sub-group 25.90% reported moderate to high alcohol consumption while infrequent or very low alcohol intake was reported by 41.92%. In the subgroup 31.89% of the patients stated alcohol abstinence. About one quarter (25.13%) of patients who denied daily alcohol intake but scored positive on the AUDIT-C displayed levels of alcohol consumption ranging from moderate (11.20%) to high (13.87%) according to the AUDIT-C. Conclusion Reliable information about alcohol consumption is related to the method of questioning. The AUDIT-C evaluates the patient´s alcohol intake precisely and identifies more older patients with possibly health- and surgery-relevant alcohol consumption levels. The validated AUDIT-C provides an objective assessment to the physician during the pre-clinic anesthesiologic consultation. Additionally, handing out a questionnaire to the patient encourages initiative and self-assessment and could also relieve both, the physician and the patient from sensing a moral evaluation of alcohol consumption.

Objectives: Low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) is a ventilatory strategy with the advantages of minimizing diaphragm movements and reducing hypercapnia and barotrauma risks. This preliminary study aims to report on the safety and effectiveness of LTVV applied during percutaneous US-guided liver ablations of focal malignancies. Methods: Patients affected by focal liver malignancies treated with percutaneous microwaves ablation were retrospectively included in this single-center analysis. Arterial gas analysis was performed immediately before and after ablation to evaluate the arterial pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), and plasma lactate levels. The primary endpoint of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of LTVV during percutaneous liver cancer ablation. The secondary endpoint was to assess the procedural technical success in terms of correct needle probe targeting without the need for repositioning. Results: Ten patients affected by a single liver lesion had been analyzed. The ASA score was three in all patients, with three patients also suffering from COPD. The procedural technical success was 100%: ablations were performed with a single liver puncture without the need for changing access or repositioning the needle. No variations in post-ablation arterial gas analysis requiring anesthesiological management remodulation occurred. Lactate levels remained stable and hemodynamic balance was preserved during all procedures. No switch to standard volume ventilation was required. Conclusions: In this preliminary study, LTVV was a safe and effective anesthesiological protocol in patients treated with percutaneous ablations of liver malignancies, offering an ideal balance between patient safety and percutaneous needle probe positioning precision. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Objective This study aimed to compare analgesic efficacy and safety of different volumes of lidocaine injected into a fracture hematoma (hematoma block [HB]) for reducing distal radius fractures. Methods Patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group A included patients in whom 10 mL of 2% lidocaine was injected into the fracture site and group B included patients in whom 20 mL of 1% lidocaine was injected. The fracture was manipulated after 15 minutes and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score was recorded during manipulation. Patients were followed up for approximately 1 hour and complications were recorded. Results Twenty patients were enrolled in the study (12 women and eight men), with a mean age of 57 years (range, 32–87 years). Demographic findings were similar between the groups. The mean VAS score of group A was 5.50 ± 3.57 and that in group B was 3.09 ± 2.33, with no significant difference between the groups. Conclusion VAS scores between HB with 20 mL of 1% lidocaine and HB with 10 mL of 2% lidocaine are not significantly different. However, our study suggests that HB with 20 mL of 1% lidocaine has a better analgesic effect than HB with 10 mL of 2% lidocaine.

To investigate whether a new anaesthesia protocol can reduce opioid use in obese patients following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. This prospective observational case series was conducted in a private hospital in Hong Kong that has been accredited as a Centre of Excellence for Bariatric Surgery. Thirty consecutive patients scheduled for laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy from 1 January 2015 to 31 March 2015 were reviewed. Of the 30 patients, 14 (46.7%) did not require any opioids for rescue analgesia during the entire postoperative period; six (20.0%) required rescue opioids only in the post-anaesthetic care unit, but not in the surgical ward. The mean postoperative total opioid requirement per patient was 32 mg of pethidine. With combination of multimodal analgesia with local anaesthetic infiltration, it is possible to avoid giving potent long-acting opioids in anaesthesia for bariatric surgery.

Background Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure for renal calculi, and nephrostomy tubes lead to postoperative pain after PCNL. Regional techniques (e.g., epidural analgesia and peripheral blocks) and opioids are applied for postoperative pain treatment. The aim of this study was to compare effectiveness of ultrasound-guided paravertebral block (PVB) and tramadol on postoperative pain in patients who underwent PCNL. Method Fifty-three patients were included in this prospective randomized study. The patients were allocated into two groups: the PVB group (group P, n  = 26) and the tramadol group (group T, n  = 27). All patients were administered standard general anaesthesia. Ultrasound-guided PVB was performed at the T11- L1 levels using 0.5% bupivacaine for a total dose of 15 mL in group P. Patients in group T were intravenously administered a loading dose of 1 mg/kg tramadol. Patients in both groups were given patient-controlled analgesia. Haemodynamic parameters, visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, side effects, and complications, tramadol consumption and additional analgesic requirements of the patients were recorded after surgery. Results Haemodynamic parameters were statistically similar between the groups. The VAS in group P were statistically lower than in group T. In the 24-h period after surgery, total PCA tramadol consumption was statistically lower in group P than in group T. The use of supplemental analgesic in group T was higher than in group P. Conclusions Ultrasound-guided PVB was found to be an effective analgesia compared to tramadol, and no additional complications were encountered. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02412930 , date of registration: March 27, 2015, retrospectively registered.

To compare caudal block with intrarectal local anesthesia plus periprostatic nerve block for transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. One hundred and ninety patients scheduled for transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy were randomized equally into Group-A who received caudal block (20 ml 1.2% lidocaine) and Group-B who received intrarectal local anesthesia (0.3% oxybuprocaine cream) plus periprostatic nerve block (10 ml 1% lidocaine plus 0.5% ropivacaine) before biopsy. During and after the procedure, the patients rated the level of pain/discomfort at various time points. Complications during the whole study period and the patient overall satisfaction were also evaluated. More pain and discomfort was detected during periprostatic nerve block than during caudal block. Pain and discomfort was significantly lower during prostate biopsy and during the manipulation of the probe in the rectum in Group-A than in Group-B. No significant differences were detected in the pain intensity after biopsy and side effects between the two groups. Caudal block provides better anesthesia than periprostatic nerve block plus intrarectal local anesthesia for TRUS guided prostate biopsy without an increase of side effects.

|Objectives. To evaluate the comparative analgesia effectiveness and safety of postoperative continuous femoral nerve block (CFNB) with patient controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) and their impact on knee function and chronic postoperative pain. Methods. Participants were randomly allocated to receive postoperative continuous femoral nerve block (group CFNB) or intravenous patient controlled analgesia (group PCIA). Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores for knee and incidence of chronic postoperative pain at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively were compared. postoperative pain and salvage medication at rest or during mobilization 24 hours, 48 hours, and 7 days postoperatively were also recorded. Results. After discharge from the hospital and rehabilitation of joint function, patients in group CFNB reported significantly improved knee flexion and less incidence of chronic postoperative pain at 3 months and 6 months postoperatively ( P < 0.05 ). Analgesic rescue medications were significantly reduced in patients receiving CFNB ( P < 0.001 and P = 0.031 , resp.). Conclusion. With standardized rehabilitation therapy, continuous femoral nerve block analgesia reduced the incidence of chronic postoperative pain, improved motility of replaced joints, and reduced the dosages of rescue analgesic medications, suggesting a recovery-enhancing effect of peripheral nerve block analgesia.