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AimEndoscopic necrosectomy has become the first-line treatment option for infectious necrotizing pancreatitis (INP), especially walled-off necrosis. However, the problems, including operation-related adverse events (AEs) and the need for multiple endoscopic procedures, have not been effectively addressed. We sought to evaluate the clinical safety and efficacy of anhydrous ethanol-assisted endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided transluminal necrosectomy in INP.MethodsA single-center observational cohort study of INP patients was conducted in a tertiary endoscopic center. Anhydrous ethanol-assisted EUS-guided transluminal necrosectomy (modified group) and conventional endoscopic necrosectomy (conventional group) were retrospectively compared in INP patients. The technical and clinical success rates, operation time, perioperative AEs, postoperative hospital stay, and recurrent INP rates were analyzed, respectively.ResultsA total of 55 patients were enrolled. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding baseline characteristics. Compared to patients in the conventional group, patients in the modified group demonstrated significantly reduced times of endoscopic transluminal necrosectomies (1.96 ± 0.89 vs. 2.73 ± 0.98; P = 0.004) and comparable perioperative AEs (P = 0.35). Meanwhile, no statistically significant differences were observed in the technical and clinical success rates (P = 0.92), operation time (P = 0.59), postoperative hospital stay (P = 0.36), and recurrent INP rates (P = 1.00) between the two groups.ConclusionAnhydrous ethanol-assisted EUS-guided transluminal necrosectomy seemed safe and effective in treating INP. Compared with conventional endoscopic transluminal necrosectomy, its advantage was mainly in reducing the number of endoscopic necrosectomies without increasing perioperative AEs.

An ethanol solution combustion process of ferric nitrate for preparing magnetic α -Fe _2 O _3 /Fe _3 O _4 heteroplasmon nanorods was introduced. The influencing factors, including the solvent type and the calcination conditions, were discussed. Anhydrous ethanol was considered to be the most suitable solvent for the preparation of α -Fe _2 O _3 /Fe _3 O _4 heteroplasmon nanorods, and the optimal calcination time was determined to be 2 h. By changing the calcination temperature, α -Fe _2 O _3 /Fe _3 O _4 heteroplasmon nanorods with different phase compositions could be obtained, and the mechanism was explained in detail. The results indicated that the rapid combustion method could achieve the controlled preparation of α -Fe _2 O _3 /Fe _3 O _4 heteroplasmon nanorods, which provided a general preparation approach for α -Fe _2 O _3 /Fe _3 O _4 heteroplasmon nanomaterials.

Background Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a major cause of chronic lower back pain and associated spinal disorders. Animal models play a crucial role in elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying IDD and in the development of potential treatments. Various techniques have been used to induce IDD, including annulus fibrosus puncture, nucleus pulposus aspiration (NPA), and chemical injections. However, few studies have explored the use of NPA combined with puncture needle burning (PNB) or anhydrous ethanol injection (AEI) to induce IDD. We compared the efficacy and consistency of three induction methods – NPA, NPA + PNB, and NPA + AEI – in rabbits. The extent of degeneration was assessed using MRI, X-ray, and histological analyses. Methods Twenty-four male New Zealand white rabbits (weighing 3.5–4.0 kg) were randomly allocated to three groups (n = 8 per group). Degeneration was induced in the L2/3, L3/4, L4/5, and L5/6 intervertebral discs using one of the three methods: NPA, NPA + PNB, or NPA + AEI. The L6/7 discs served as the internal control. Four weeks post-procedure, the degree of disc degeneration was evaluated via MRI and X-ray imaging. Histological assessment was performed using hematoxylin and eosin and safranin O/fast green staining. The severity of degeneration was quantified using the Masuda histological scoring system. Results All three methods successfully induced significant IDD, as confirmed by imaging and histological analyses. The NPA + PNB group had the most severe and uniform degeneration, consistently corresponding to Pfirrmann grade IV. The NPA + AEI group had a comparable severity of degeneration but with more inter-segmental variability. In contrast, the NPA-only group had milder degeneration, predominantly within Pfirrmann grades II–III. All experimental groups had significant reductions in terms of intervertebral disc height and nucleus pulposus area, with the most pronounced reductions observed in the NPA + PNB group. MRI indices and histological scores consistently indicated that the NPA + PNB method produced the most severe and reproducible degeneration. Histological staining revealed decreased cellularity, fissures in the annulus fibrosus, and collapse of the cartilage endplate in all intervention groups, with the NPA + PNB group exhibiting the most extensive degeneration. Conclusions These findings confirm that NPA, NPA + PNB, and NPA + AEI are effective techniques for inducing IDD in a rabbit model. Among these, the NPA + PNB method represents one of the best options for achieving a reliable, reproducible, and minimally invasive model, producing consistent and severe degeneration with a high degree of standardization. This technique presents a valuable tool for future research investigating the pathogenesis of IDD and evaluating the efficacy of potential therapeutic strategies.

An ethanol solution combustion process of ferric nitrate for preparing magnetic -Fe2O3/Fe3O4 heteroplasmon nanorods was introduced. The influencing factors, including the solvent type and the calcination conditions, were discussed. Anhydrous ethanol was considered to be the most suitable solvent for the preparation of -Fe2O3/Fe3O4 heteroplasmon nanorods, and the optimal calcination time was determined to be 2 h. By changing the calcination temperature, -Fe2O3/Fe3O4 heteroplasmon nanorods with different phase compositions could be obtained, and the mechanism was explained in detail. The results indicated that the rapid combustion method could achieve the controlled preparation of -Fe2O3/Fe3O4 heteroplasmon nanorods, which provided a general preparation approach for -Fe2O3/Fe3O4 heteroplasmon nanomaterials.

The growing demand for cleaner energy and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions have highlighted anhydrous ethanol as a key renewable fuel due to its applications as a fuel, gasoline additive, and biodiesel reactant. Traditional dehydration via azeotropic distillation with cyclohexane is energy-intensive and environmentally harmful, prompting the search for safer alternatives. This study modeled and simulated the ethanol dehydration process using monoethylene glycol in Aspen Plus v12.1, implementing conventional control strategies optimized by Luyben’s method, which identified tray 31 as the system’s most sensitive point. Dynamic simulations demonstrated process robustness, with rapid recovery from disturbances in feed and heat duty, maintaining 99.999 wt% ethanol purity and solvent recovery. Additionally, artificial intelligence (AI) models—specifically decision tree, random forest, and LightGBM—were developed to control top product composition using easily measurable variables. These models significantly outperformed linear regression, with the decision tree achieving R² = 0.9970, MAE = 4.19 × 10⁻⁷, and RMSE = 2.20 × 10⁻⁶, maintaining ethanol molar fractions above 0.9996 even under dynamic disturbances. Despite their strong performance, the industrial adoption of AI-based controllers is still limited. However, with the implementation of real-time validation, significant advancements in computational processing capacity, and improvements in techniques to prevent overfitting, artificial intelligence models can become a promising tool for industrial process control. Graphical abstract Highlights Ethanol dehydration plant using monoethylene glycol was simulated and controlled. Product composition was predicted and controlled from integrated AI models. AI-enhanced control outperformed PID decreasing time delay and improving stability. Decision tree, random forest and LightGBM effectively predicted and controlled ethanol purity. AI has high potential for robust control in complex distillation processes.

Considering the accumulation and high consumption of activating agents, anhydrous ethanol (AE) could be used to dissolve them to improve the dispersion effect, which was an effective way of improving the practical utilization rate. In this study, FeCl 2 was dissolved in AE and further impregnated cotton textile waste (CTW) to prepare activated carbons (ACs) by pyrolysis. Afterward, ACs prepared in optimal conditions determined by the orthogonal experiment evaluated the physicochemical properties and adsorption capacities for Cr(VI). The results illustrated that AE greatly increased the dispersion of FeCl 2 on CTW, reduced the conventional impregnation dosage, and remarkably improved the activation efficiency. Textural analyses revealed that ACs exhibited excellent porosity properties and graphite carbon structure. FeCl 2 catalyzed the decomposition of volatile substances to produce gaseous products and promoted the transformation of amorphous carbon to graphite carbon that was conducive to pore development, followed by the formation of developed micropores and crystal structures. The adsorption performance of ACs was estimated using Cr(VI), and the adsorption was fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic and the Langmuir isotherm. Furthermore, the ACs possessed superior magnetization and reusability. Graphical abstract

Herein, we have presented the giant magneto-impedance (GMI) effect, microstructure and surface domain structure of the Co-Fe-based amorphous microwires after liquid medium—anhydrous ethanol Joule annealing (AJA). The AJA technique can effectively release the radial stress and induce large a circumferential magnetic field by changing the Joule heat transfer and the circumferential domain, to further tune the GMI performance of microwire. The linear response fields (0~3.5 Oe), the high sensitivity of 124.1%/Oe and the high GMI ratio make the microwire as promising materials for the miniaturized GMI sensors. The GMI ratios of [ΔZ/Z0]max(%) and [ΔZ/Zmax]max(%) increase the near-linearly to 201.9% and 200.5%, respectively, for the 250 mA anhydrous ethanol Joule annealed wires. Moreover, a linear response to Hex (ranging from 3.5 to 25 Oe, or more) is observed, which bears the potential in fabricating bi-sensors.

The electrodissolution-coupled hafnium alkoxide (Hf(OR)4, R is alkyl) synthesis (EHS) system, which has significant environmental and economic advantages over conventional thermal methods, serves as a promising system for green and efficient Hf(OR)4 electro-synthesis. The EHS system is operated based on the simultaneous heterogeneous reactions of hafnium dissolution and ethanol dehydrogenation, as well as the spontaneous solution-based reaction of Hf4+ and OR−. Employing green ethanol and Hf as feedstocks, the anodic hafnium corrosion/dissolution electrochemical behavior of the Et4NCl or Et4NHSO4 based anhydrous system was investigated through electrochemical measurements combined with SEM observations. The results demonstrated that the Et4NCl-based anhydrous ethanol system exhibited an efficient mechanism of passive film pitting corrosion breakdown and metal hafnium dissolution, while the Et4NHSO4-based anhydrous ethanol system reflected the weak corrosion mechanism of the anodic hafnium under the passive film. The polarization resistance of the Et4NCl system was dramatically lower than that of the Et4NHSO4 system, which indicated that the Et4NCl system had superior anodic hafnium corrosion performance compared to the Et4NHSO4 system. Overall, the investigation of the electrochemical behaviors of anodic hafnium corrosion/dissolution provides theoretical guidance for the efficient operation of EHS electrolysis.

This study aims to experimentally investigate the effects of using different percentages of ethanol-biodiesel-diesel blends in diesel internal combustion engines and to analyze energy and combustion parameters. The experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled, and constant-speed diesel generator set with a rated electrical power of 4.5 kW and 79% of full engine load (3.54kW). Temperature, fuel flow, AVL pressure, and rotation sensors were installed on the crankshaft and inside the cylinder. The fuels used were commercial diesel (S-10) and blends with 1%, 2%, and 3% of anhydrous ethanol added to diesel, changing the injection pressure in only one blend. The results show a decrease in thermal efficiency and an increase in fuel consumption, in addition to an increase in ignition delay, an increase in combustion duration, a decrease in in-cylinder pressure, and a decrease in the heat release rate as the percentage of ethanol increased.

Two types of cupric oxide (Cu2O) nanoarchitectures (nanobelts and nanopetal networks) have been achieved via immersion nanoporous copper (NPC) templates in anhydrous ethanol. NPC templates with different defect densities have been prepared by dealloying amorphous Ti60Cu40 ribbons in a mixture solution of hydrofluoric acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with different ratios of HF/PVP. Both a water molecule reactant acting as OH− reservoir and the ethanol molecule serving as stabilizing or capping reagent for inhibiting the random growth of Cu2Oplayed a role of the formation of 2-dimensional Cu2O nanoarchitectures. Cu2O nanobelts are preferred to form in anhydrous ethanol on the NPC templates from Ti60Cu40 ribbons dealloying in the solution with low HF concentration and small addition of PVP; and Cu2O nanopetals are tended to grow in anhydrous ethanol from the NPC templates from Ti60Cu40 ribbons dealloying in the solution with high HF concentration and large addition of PVP. With increasing the immersion time in anhydrous ethanol, Cu2O nanopetals united together to create porous networks about 300 nm in thickness. The defect sites (i.e., twin boundary) on nanoporous Cu ligaments preferentially served as nucleation sites for Cu2O nanocrystals, and the higher defect density leads to the formation of uniform Cu2O layer. Synergistic effect of initial microstructure of NPC templates and stabilizing agent of ethanol molecule results in different Cu2O nanoarchitectures.