Explore the vast range of titles available.

Neurologic impairments are usually irreversible as a result of limited regeneration in the central nervous system. Therefore, based on the regenerative capacity of stem cells, transplantation therapies of various stem cells have been tested in basic research and preclinical trials, and some have shown great prospects. This manuscript overviews the cellular and molecular characteristics of embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, neural stem cells, retinal stem/progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, and their derivatives in vivo and in vitro as sources for regenerative therapy. These cells have all been considered as candidates to treat several major neurological disorders and diseases, owing to their self-renewal capacity, multi-directional differentiation, neurotrophic properties, and immune modulation effects. We also review representative basic research and recent clinical trials using stem cells for neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and age-related macular degeneration, as well as traumatic brain injury and glioblastoma. In spite of a few unsuccessful cases, risks of tumorigenicity, and ethical concerns, most results of animal experiments and clinical trials demonstrate efficacious therapeutic effects of stem cells in the treatment of nervous system disease. In summary, these emerging findings in regenerative medicine are likely to contribute to breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological disorders. Thus, stem cells are a promising candidate for the treatment of nervous system diseases.

Subretinal injection (SI) is recognized as the most effective method for treating retinal degenerative and genetic diseases, enabling targeted delivery of therapeutic agents such as viral vectors or stem cells directly into the subretinal space (SRS). However, this procedure is typically performed under extremely constrained intraocular conditions, characterized by limited visualization, lack of tactile feedback, and the inherent fragility of retinal tissues, significantly increasing the risk of surgical complications and potential vision impairment. To overcome these challenges, an integrated force-sensing microneedle equipped with a flexible joint was developed and integrated into an ophthalmic surgical robotic system. This advanced system provides precise needle-tip pose control and real-time puncture force feedback. Leveraging these capabilities, force-guided autonomous retinal puncture was achieved, ensuring accurate and consistent drug delivery into the SRS. Comparative experiments conducted on live Bama pigs demonstrated the robotic system’s superiority over manual SI techniques, as evidenced by more stable puncture trajectories, smoother insertion velocities, precise insertion depths, and a greater than 90% reduction in average puncture force, despite respiratory and cardiac-induced disturbances, thus significantly enhancing surgical precision and minimizing the risk of iatrogenic retinal injury. Postoperative evaluations further validated that the robotic approach markedly reduced drug reflux into the vitreous cavity, underscoring its reliability and safety for SI. Force-sensing microneedle with flexible joint enables minimally invasive operations in complex intraocular environments. Robotic system equipped with microneedle enables autonomous SI under force feedback guidance. In vivo tests show >90% reduction in puncture force, with precise depth and stable trajectory, minimizing iatrogenic retinal damage.

The Retrospective Analysis of Antarctic Tracking Data (RAATD) is a Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research project led jointly by the Expert Groups on Birds and Marine Mammals and Antarctic Biodiversity Informatics, and endorsed by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. RAATD consolidated tracking data for multiple species of Antarctic meso- and top-predators to identify Areas of Ecological Significance. These datasets and accompanying syntheses provide a greater understanding of fundamental ecosystem processes in the Southern Ocean, support modelling of predator distributions under future climate scenarios and create inputs that can be incorporated into decision making processes by management authorities. In this data paper, we present the compiled tracking data from research groups that have worked in the Antarctic since the 1990s. The data are publicly available through biodiversity.aq and the Ocean Biogeographic Information System. The archive includes tracking data from over 70 contributors across 12 national Antarctic programs, and includes data from 17 predator species, 4060 individual animals, and over 2.9 million observed locations.

Near Human takes us into the borders of human and animal life. In the animal facility, fragile piglets substitute for humans who cannot be experimented on. In the neonatal intensive care unit, extremely premature infants prompt questions about whether they are too fragile to save or, if they survive, whether they will face a life of severe disability. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork carried out on farms, in animal-based experimental science labs, and in hospitals, Mette N. Svendsen shows that practices of substitution redirect the question of \"what it means\" to be human to \"what it takes\" to be human. The near humanness of preterm infants and research piglets becomes an avenue to unravel how neonatal life is imagined, how societal belonging is evaluated, and how the Danish welfare state is forged. This courageous multi-sited and multi-species approach cracks open the complex ethical field of valuating life and making different kinds of pigs and different kinds of humans belong in Denmark.

Objective To study the early phases of osseointegration at implants installed in sites prepared with either high rotational speed with irrigation or low rotational speed without irrigation. Material and methods After 3 months from tooth extraction, two implants were installed in one side of the mandible of twelve dogs. The osteotomies were prepared either at 60 rpm without irrigation or at 750 rpm with refrigeration. Biopsies were obtained after 4 and 8 weeks of healing, six animals each period for histological analyses. Results After 4 weeks of healing, new bone percentage in contact with the implant surface (BIC%) was 46.6 ± 7.3% and 43.1 ± 6.8% at the low- and high-speed sites, respectively ( p  = 0.345). After 8 weeks of healing, the fractions increased to 60.0 ± 11.1% and 60.2 ± 6.2%, respectively ( p  = 0.753). Conclusions Implants installed in sites prepared using either low-rotational drilling without irrigation or high speed with irrigation presented similar amounts of osseointegration.

Objective To evaluate histologically the early healing at implants installed with different insertion torques Material and methods Three months after the extraction of the mandibular premolars and of the first molars, two implants were installed monolaterally in the premolar and two in the molar regions of the edentulous alveolar ridge of twelve dogs. The recipient sites were prepared using drills of different diameter to obtain insertion torque of different values, i.e., 30 Ncm (control) or ~ 70 Ncm (test) in the premolar region, and < 10 Ncm (test) or ~ 50 Ncm (control) in the molar region. Six animals were euthanized after 4 weeks and six after 8 weeks of healing. Histological analyses were performed, and the Wilcoxon test was applied for statistical analyses. Results After 4 weeks of healing, in the premolar region, the new bone in contact with the implant surface was 65.0 ± 4.6% and 53.9 ± 13.5% at the ~ 30-Ncm and ~ 70-Ncm sites, respectively ( p  = 0.075). In the premolar region, new bone proportions were 51.4 ± 17.0% and 67.3 ± 7.0% at the < 10-Ncm and ~ 50-Ncm sites, respectively ( p  = 0.046). After 8 weeks of healing, in the premolar region, new bone reached fractions of 77.7 ± 16.2% at the ~ 30-Ncm sites, and 68.3 ± 12.1% at the ~ 70-Ncm sites ( p  = 0.028). In the molar region, new bone presented proportions of 70.2 ± 6.4% at the < 10-Ncm sites and 76.2 ± 9.4% at the ~ 50-Ncm sites ( p  = 0.173). Conclusions The insertion torque influenced the osseointegration of implants. Higher values of bone-to-implant contact percentages were registered for insertion torques of ~ 30 Ncm and ~ 50 Ncm. Implants inserted with torque < 10 Ncm became integrated with an optimal osseointegration.

The mammalian brain contains many specialized cells that develop from a thin sheet of neuroepithelial progenitor cells. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed hundreds of molecularly diverse cell types in the nervous system, but the lineage relationships between mature cell types and progenitor cells are not well understood. Here we show in vivo barcoding of early progenitors to simultaneously profile cell phenotypes and clonal relations in the mouse brain using single-cell and spatial transcriptomics. By reconstructing thousands of clones, we discovered fate-restricted progenitor cells in the mouse hippocampal neuroepithelium and show that microglia are derived from few primitive myeloid precursors that massively expand to generate widely dispersed progeny. We combined spatial transcriptomics with clonal barcoding and disentangled migration patterns of clonally related cells in densely labeled tissue sections. Our approach enables high-throughput dense reconstruction of cell phenotypes and clonal relations at the single-cell and tissue level in individual animals and provides an integrated approach for understanding tissue architecture. Ratz et al. present an easy-to-use method to barcode progenitor cells, enabling profiling of cell phenotypes and clonal relations using single-cell and spatial transcriptomics, providing an integrated approach for understanding brain architecture.

If a partial contralateral C7 nerve is transferred to a recipient injured nerve, results are not satisfactory. However, if an entire contralateral C7 nerve is used to repair two nerves, both recipient nerves show good recovery. These findings seem contradictory, as the above two methods use the same donor nerve, only the cutting method of the contralateral C7 nerve is different. To verify whether this can actually result in different repair effects, we divided rats with right total brachial plexus injury into three groups. In the entire root group, the entire contralateral C7 root was transected and transferred to the median nerve of the affected limb. In the posterior division group, only the posterior division of the contralateral C7 root was transected and transferred to the median nerve. In the entire root + posterior division group, the entire contralateral C7 root was transected but only the posterior division was transferred to the median nerve. After neurectomy, the median nerve was repaired on the affected side in the three groups. At 8, 12, and 16 weeks postoperatively, electrophysiological examination showed that maximum amplitude, latency, muscle tetanic contraction force, and muscle fiber cross-sectional area of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle were significantly better in the entire root and entire root + posterior division groups than in the posterior division group. No significant difference was found between the entire root and entire root + posterior division groups. Counts of myelinated axons in the median nerve were greater in the entire root group than in the entire root + posterior division group, which were greater than the posterior division group. We conclude that for the same recipient nerve, harvesting of the entire contralateral C7 root achieved significantly better recovery than partial harvesting, even if only part of the entire root was used for transfer. This result indicates that the entire root should be used as a donor when transferring contralateral C7 nerve.

Studying tissue composition and function in non-human primates (NHPs) is crucial to understand the nature of our own species. Here we present a large-scale cell transcriptomic atlas that encompasses over 1 million cells from 45 tissues of the adult NHP Macaca fascicularis . This dataset provides a vast annotated resource to study a species phylogenetically close to humans. To demonstrate the utility of the atlas, we have reconstructed the cell–cell interaction networks that drive Wnt signalling across the body, mapped the distribution of receptors and co-receptors for viruses causing human infectious diseases, and intersected our data with human genetic disease orthologues to establish potential clinical associations. Our M .  fascicularis cell atlas constitutes an essential reference for future studies in humans and NHPs. A large-scale single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the non-human primate Macaca fascicularis encompasses over 1 million cells from 45 adult tissues.

The application ofstereotactic technique is rapidly growing. For instance, deep brain stimulation （DBS）, an important neurostimulation technique in the treatment of Parkinson＇s disease, dystonia, essential tremor, and other diseases, uses the stereotactic method to implant electrodes.