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The information reported in this paper (No. 14-12-005) is part of a project of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station and is 1. Barcelos QL, Pinto JMA, Vaillancourt LJ, Souza EA (2014) Characterization of Glomerella Strains Recovered from Anthracnose Lesions on Common Bean Plants in Brazil.

Guava, a tropical fruit rich in vitamin C, faces significant production challenges in Mauritius due to anthracnose, primarily caused by Colletotrichum species. In this study, guava fruits exhibiting symptoms of anthracnose were collected from Surinam. Identification of the pathogen as Colletotrichum tropicale was confirmed through morphological and molecular techniques. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. tropicale causing guava anthracnose in Mauritius, highlighting the need for effective disease management strategies.

Sorghum is a critical food crop in Ethiopia, yet its productivity is severely threatened by anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum. The present study was conducted in West Gondar, Amhara Region, during the 2022 growing season, with field experiments established at Metema and West Armachiho. A randomized complete block design with three replications was employed to evaluate the efficacy and profitability of various fungicide regimes. Treatments included both single and combined applications of Thiram, Tilt, Redomil, and Natura, delivered as seed dressings, foliar sprays, or their combination, alongside an untreated control. The experiments utilized the susceptible local cultivar 'Tewzale' in 4 × 3 m plots, with 5 cm intra-row and 75 cm inter-row spacing. Statistical analysis indicated highly significant differences among treatments for key parameters: percent severity index (PSI), area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), yield, and thousand seed weight (TSW) (p < 0.0001). Both location and treatment × location interactions were significant, especially for PSI at 65, 75, and 86 days after planting. The most effective disease suppression and lowest AUDPC values were observed with Tilt plus Thiram and Natura plus Thiram treatments, while untreated controls experienced the highest disease pressure. Notably, the Natura plus Thiram combination resulted in the highest grain yield (4614.6 kg haâ».sup.1) and TSW (17.7 g), with the untreated control producing the lowest values (2076.6 kg haâ».sup.1). Relative yield loss was completely mitigated by Natura plus Thiram, whereas the control plots recorded up to 61.8% loss. Economic assessment through partial budget analysis revealed that Natura plus Thiram was the most profitable option, delivering a net benefit of 79,162 ETB and a marginal rate of return of 2881.33%. Natura alone and Redomil plus Thiram also generated substantial returns, but to a lesser extent. In conclusion, integrating seed dressing with foliar fungicide applications specifically the Natura plus Thiram combination proved to be both an effective and economically viable strategy for managing sorghum anthracnose. For optimal results, this approach should be complemented by the use of resistant varieties and adherence to sound agronomic practices.

Based on the study of 39 varieties of black currant on a complex of economically valuable features, conclusions were drawn: absolutely resistant varieties to spotted lesions were not revealed, all varieties are tolerant to septoriosis and anthracnose. Two varieties were affected by gall aphids: Minusinsk sweet and Bow Borisova (1 point). Altai early and Sweet-fruited were damaged by the kidney mite up to 30%. Varieties Mysterious, Belated, Compact have reached high overall productivity in the conditions of Novosibirsk region.

The fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides breaches the fruit cuticle but remains quiescent until fruit ripening signals a switch to necrotrophy, culminating in devastating anthracnose disease. There is a need to understand the distinct fungal arms strategy and the simultaneous fruit response. Transcriptome analysis of fungal–fruit interactions was carried out concurrently in the appressoria, quiescent and necrotrophic stages. Conidia germinating on unripe fruit cuticle showed stage‐specific transcription that was accompanied by massive fruit defense responses. The subsequent quiescent stage showed the development of dendritic‐like structures and swollen hyphae within the fruit epidermis. The quiescent fungal transcriptome was characterized by activation of chromatin remodeling genes and unsuspected environmental alkalization. Fruit response was portrayed by continued highly integrated massive up‐regulation of defense genes. During cuticle infection of green or ripe fruit, fungi recapitulate the same developmental stages but with differing quiescent time spans. The necrotrophic stage showed a dramatic shift in fungal metabolism and up‐regulation of pathogenicity factors. Fruit response to necrotrophy showed activation of the salicylic acid pathway, climaxing in cell death. Transcriptome analysis of C. gloeosporioides infection of fruit reveals its distinct stage‐specific lifestyle and the concurrent changing fruit response, deepening our perception of the unfolding fungal–fruit arms and defenses race.

Background Colletotrichum graminicola and C. sublineola cause anthracnose leaf and stalk diseases of maize and sorghum, respectively. In spite of their close evolutionary relationship, the two species are completely host-specific. Host specificity is often attributed to pathogen virulence factors, including specialized secondary metabolites (SSM), and small-secreted protein (SSP) effectors. Genes relevant to these categories were manually annotated in two co-occurring, contemporaneous strains of C. graminicola and C. sublineola . A comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis was performed to address the evolutionary relationships among these and other divergent gene families in the two strains. Results Inoculation of maize with C. sublineola , or of sorghum with C. graminicola , resulted in rapid plant cell death at, or just after, the point of penetration. The two fungal genomes were very similar. More than 50% of the assemblies could be directly aligned, and more than 80% of the gene models were syntenous. More than 90% of the predicted proteins had orthologs in both species. Genes lacking orthologs in the other species (non-conserved genes) included many predicted to encode SSM-associated proteins and SSPs. Other common groups of non-conserved proteins included transporters, transcription factors, and CAZymes. Only 32 SSP genes appeared to be specific to C. graminicola , and 21 to C. sublineola . None of the SSM-associated genes were lineage-specific. Two different strains of C. graminicola , and three strains of C. sublineola, differed in no more than 1% percent of gene sequences from one another. Conclusions Efficient non-host recognition of C. sublineola by maize, and of C. graminicola by sorghum, was observed in epidermal cells as a rapid deployment of visible resistance responses and plant cell death. Numerous non-conserved SSP and SSM-associated predicted proteins that could play a role in this non-host recognition were identified. Additional categories of genes that were also highly divergent suggested an important role for co-evolutionary adaptation to specific host environmental factors, in addition to aspects of initial recognition, in host specificity. This work provides a foundation for future functional studies aimed at clarifying the roles of these proteins, and the possibility of manipulating them to improve management of these two economically important diseases.

Colletotrichum is regarded as one of the 10 most important genera of plant pathogens in the world. It causes diseases in a wide range of economically important plants, including peaches. China is the largest producer of peaches in the world but little is known about the Colletotrichum spp. affecting the crop. In 2017 and 2018, a total of 286 Colletotrichum isolates were isolated from symptomatic fruit and leaves in 11 peach production provinces of China. Based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses (ITS, ACT, CAL, CHS-1, GAPDH, TUB2, and HIS3) and morphological characterization, the isolates were identified to be C. nymphaeae, C. fioriniae, and C. godetiae of the C. acutatum species complex, C. fructicola and C. siamense of the C. gloeosporioides species complex, C. karsti of the C. boninense species complex, and one newly identified species, C. folicola sp. nov. This study is the first report of C. karsti and C. godetiae in peaches, and the first report of C. nymphaeae, C. fioriniae, C. fructicola, and C. siamense in peaches in China. C. nymphaeae is the most prevalent species of Colletotrichum in peaches in China, which may be the result of fungicide selection. Pathogenicity tests revealed that all species found in this study were pathogenic on both the leaves and fruit of peaches, except for C. folicola, which only infected the leaves. The present study substantially improves our understanding of the causal agents of anthracnose on peaches in China.