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\"A comprehensive introduction, this book presents the history, materials, requirements, properties, and applications of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA). Detailing the requirements and materials for the mix, including asphalt cement, aggregates, and stabilizers, the author discusses design processes and implementation, alternative design methods, and best practices and production processes both in the U.S. and abroad. It covers issues specific to the mix, such as permanent deformation and fatigue resistance, as well as special applications of SMA, including bridge deck surfacing, airfields, and runways. Written in an easy-to-read style, it draws on the author's notable expertise and provides over 400 references\"-- Provided by publisher.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0329225.].

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) material mainly consists of removed asphalt concretes from existing infrastructures and, to a minor extent, of wasted or rejected mixes during the production processes. Being composed of two valuable non-renewable resources, i.e., aggregates and bituminous binder, its conscious use can ensure the sustainability of asphalt pavement construction. Thanks to the use of RAP material in new asphalt products, the USA saved 4.1 million tons of virgin binder and 78 million tons of virgin aggregates in 2018. Therefore, the use of RAP for the production of new asphalt formulations at the top of the recycling hierarchy is preferable instead of being down-cycled in low-value applications. The RAP material represents one of the most re-used construction products worldwide; in 2018, approximately 88% wt. and 72% wt. of RAP were used in USA and Europe, respectively, as aggregates for Hot, Warm and Cold Asphalt Mixtures and for unbound layers. Several studies have revealed positive responses of the recycled asphalt mixtures with high or very high content of RAP. However, the common practices of many countries still limit the RAP content to a 15–20% wt., on average, in the recycled asphalt mixes. The amount of RAP in asphalt concretes can be significantly increased by applying good management practices of the RAP, either processed or not, as well as novel production technologies and advanced mix design approaches. This manuscript aims to summarize the state-of-the-art of use of RAP aggregates in new asphalt mixtures. The economic and environmental benefits are also discussed.

The daily utilization of a large amount of raw materials is causing a rapid depletion of natural resources. The growth of the human population is accompanied by higher activities in the agricultural and manufacturing sectors that resulted in a larger volume of waste materials being disposed of in landfills each year. Researchers are seeking ways to reduce the adverse impact of waste materials on the environment. One method for managing waste materials is using them as a substitute for natural materials, for example, as aggregate replacement in the construction of road pavements. This paper reviews the previous studies that explored the use of waste materials as aggregate replacement in stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mix and the performance of asphalt pavements constructed using these materials. A systematic literature search of four databases revealed that waste materials could be used as an alternative to the natural aggregates. Future studies on the SMA mixes should investigate using other waste materials that could improve mix design and enhance pavement performance. There is a need to establish a standard code of practice and train material technologists to use different types of waste in SMA pavement construction. In summary, it is essential to perform a life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) to quantify the economic and environmental impacts of the different waste materials used as aggregates in SMA.

The utilization of synthetic, natural, and waste fibers in asphalt mixtures is constantly increasing due to the capability of fibers to improve the mechanical performance of asphalt mixes. The combination of fibers in asphalt mixes contributes to ecological sustainability and cost benefits. The objective of this paper is to introduce a citation-based review on the incorporation of synthetic, natural, and waste fibers in bitumen, dense-graded asphalt mix, stone mastic asphalt, and porous asphalt mix. Additionally, this article aims to identify research gaps and provide recommendations for further work. The outputs of this article demonstrated that there has recently been a growing interest in the use of natural and waste fibers in asphalt mixtures. However, more future studies are needed to investigate the performance of fiber-modified stone mastic asphalt and porous asphalt mix in terms of resistance to aging and low-temperature cracking. Furthermore, the period of natural fibers’ biodegradability in asphalt mixtures should be investigated.

In this paper, the possibility of using different amounts of re-recycled (repeated recycled) Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in the asphalt mixture was experimentally investigated. First, a single virgin mixture was prepared and artificially aged to simulate the first generation of RAP to be used for designing the first generation of recycled mixtures. Next, the recycled mixtures were further aged to obtain a second generation of RAP to be mixed for preparing the second generation of recycled mixtures with and without the contribution of a rejuvenator. The fatigue behavior and low-temperature properties of all asphalt mixtures were experimentally investigated based on the cylindrical indirect tensile test (CIDT), Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) mixture creep stiffness tests, and Semi-Circular Bending (SCB) fracture tests, respectively. Results indicate that re-recycled materials designed with and without rejuvenator show inferior fatigue behavior with respect to the first generation of recycled mixtures while exhibiting better performance than the virgin material. Meanwhile, poorer low-temperature creep properties were observed for the mixture prepared with recycled and re-recycled RAP. Fracture properties comparable with those of the virgin material were obtained only for re-recycled mixtures designed with rejuvenator. The present experimental work provides evidence on the possibility of using re-recycled RAP up to 40% when rejuvenators are included in the mix design.

Fibers have been widely adopted in asphalt mixture to improve its pavement performance. Lignin fiber and polyester fiber are the most popular two choices. Lignin fiber is derived from wood, which is not aligned with the principles of sustainable development. The production process for polyester fiber is more complex and costly, presenting both environmental and economic challenges in engineering applications. In contrast, basalt fiber is cost-effective, exhibit excellent wear resistance and impact toughness, and possess high mechanical strength. It is an ideal choice to improve pavement performance of asphalt mixtures. However, most of the existing studies focused on analyzing a single characteristic index of basalt fiber. They neglected the composite effects of geometric characteristics of basalt fiber, such as fiber diameter and length, on the pavement performance of asphalt mixtures at varying fiber contents. Therefore, taking the SMA-13 as an example, the combined effect of basalt fiber geometrical characteristics (fiber diameter, fiber length, and fiber content) on pavement performance are elucidated. Additionally, a random forest algorithm is adopted to perform a weight analysis of fiber characteristics and their correlation with pavement performance.

Aiming at the problem that asphalt pavement materials in plateau areas are vulnerable to freeze-thaw damage, research was carried out on asphalt pavements of representative road sections, and the temperature within the pavement structure was monitored using buried sensors. Based on this, an indoor test method for high-frequency freeze-thaw was established, and UV, thermo-oxygen-aging and high-frequency freeze-thaw tests were combined. The effects of aging and maximum aggregate particle size on the resistance of asphalt mixtures to high-frequency freeze-thaw were investigated using the splitting strength ratio, mass-loss rate and void-ratio changes by employing the newly made RS-type modified asphalt in the laboratory. At the same time, the high-frequency freeze-thaw resistance of the asphalt mixture was compared with that of the SS/SMA-13 asphalt mixture on the top layer of a representative road section. The results show that UV aging at 180 h followed by thermal-oxygen aging at 120 h has the greatest impact on the asphalt mixture; in this condition, the high-frequency freeze-thaw-cycle asphalt mixture with freeze-thaw damage is affected by the rule of change of the third-degree polynomial. In the plateau environment conditions, compared with the original pavement material (SS-type modified asphalt), the RS-type modified asphalt has better anti-aging properties, adhesion properties and elasticity performance.

To make full use of the regenerative value of waste cooking oil, and to solve the environmental pollution and food security issues caused by waste cooking oil, waste cooking oil was suggested for use in asphalt. Waste cooking oil was used to adjust the performance of virgin and aged asphalt. This review article summarizes research progress on the performance of asphalt and asphalt mixture with waste cooking oil. The results showed that a moderate dosage of waste cooking oil will improved the low-temperature performance and construction workability of petroleum asphalt and aged asphalt. The mixing and compaction temperature of asphalt mixture with waste cooking oil are reduced by up to 15 °C. The rutting resistance and fatigue resistance of modified asphalt and modified asphalt mixture with waste cooking oil are damaged. After the addition of waste cooking oil in aged asphalt, the high-temperature performance and shear rheologic property of aged asphalt will be recovered. The regeneration effect of waste cooking oil on aged asphalt and aged asphalt mixture is close to that of a traditional regeneration agent, and the partial performance of asphalt or asphalt mixture with waste cooking oil is better. There is no chemical reaction between waste cooking oil and asphalt, but the asphalt component and absorption peak intensity of partial functional groups are changed. The light components content of asphalt binder is usually increased. Further research regarding the engineering application of asphalt mixture with waste cooking oil should be conducted. The method for improving the performance of asphalt and asphalt mixture with waste cooking oil will be mainly researched.

In recent years, as a result of both environmental policy and industrial economic strategy, the amount of asphalt pavement that has been recycled has risen dramatically. As a result of this, several international research projects have shown the need for improvements in reclaimed asphalt (RA) characterisation to support these higher recycling rates. During the life of a pavement, as well as the structural damage induced by traffic, the intrinsic properties of asphaltic materials are affected through the oxidative ageing of the bituminous binder. The molecular changes associated with this oxidation can be monitored via variations in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Therefore, if the relationships between binder properties, such as penetration, softening point and complex shear modulus and the spectra parameters can be established, the characterisation of RA produced by the milling of old pavements can be greatly improved. However, the interpretation of oxidation parameters from these spectra is not straightforward, and many different techniques are used to calculate them in the asphalt community. This paper gives a brief overview of asphalt oxidation and the FTIR principle. It then presents the results from four different calculation methods for the oxidation parameters applied to a set of more than 100 spectra obtained during the RILEM TC-ATB-TG5 round robin test. From this study, it is obvious that the conclusions of the analysis performed on the same set of raw spectra can differ considerably according to the FTIR oxidation index calculation method adopted. Using the RILEM database, the potential links between a given ageing index and the physical properties are then evaluated. As a result of this study it can be concluded that ageing comparison through FTIR should be considered as relative and restricted for use in measurements at different ageing steps on the same type of initial mixture. For FTIR spectra to be comparable between different laboratories, harmonisation of the data acquisition procedures is needed. Also the different calculation methods of the oxidation indicators seem to reflect different physical properties. So a first step toward harmonisation would be to agree on the relevant physical properties actually needed for efficient RA characterisation. This could then lead to a common FTIR index calculation method, which would reflect the properties of interest. For this, additional research is needed to improve knowledge of the relationship between the chemical oxidative process of a binder and the evolution of its physical properties.