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Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a glycoprotein present in the prostate, that is overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa). Recently, PSMA-directed radiopharmaceuticals have been developed, allowing the pinpointing of tumors with the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) imaging techniques. The aim of the present work was to standardize and validate an automatic synthesis module-based radiolabeling protocol for [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11, as well as to produce a radiopharmaceutical for PET imaging of PCa malignancies. [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 was evaluated to determine the radiochemical purity (RCP), stability in saline solution and serum, lipophilicity, affinity to serum proteins, binding and internalization to lymph node carcinoma of the prostate (LNCaP) cells, and ex vivo biodistribution in mice. The radiopharmaceutical was produced with an RCP of 99.06 ± 0.10%, which was assessed with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The product was stable in saline solution for up to 4 h (RCP > 98%) and in serum for up to 1 h (RCP > 95%). The lipophilicity was determined as −3.80 ± 0.15, while the serum protein binding (SPB) was <17%. The percentages of binding to LNCaP cells were 4.07 ± 0.51% (30 min) and 4.56 ± 0.46% (60 min), while 19.22 ± 2.73% (30 min) and 16.85 ± 1.34% (60 min) of bound material was internalized. High accumulation of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 was observed in the kidneys, spleen, and tumor, with a tumor-to-contralateral-muscle ratio of >8.5 and a tumor-to-blood ratio of >3.5. In conclusion, an automatic synthesis module-based radiolabeling protocol for [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 was standardized and the product was evaluated, thus verifying its characteristics for PET imaging of PCa tumors in a clinical environment.

Introduction Functions of existing automatic module systems for synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals mainly focus on the radiolabeling of small molecules. There are few modules which have achieved full-automatic radiolabeling of non-metallic and metallic nuclides on small molecules, peptides, and antibody drugs. This study aimed to develop and test a full-automatic multifunctional module system for the safe, stable, and efficient production of radiopharmaceuticals. Methods According to characteristics of labeling process of radioactive drugs, using UG and Solidworks softwares, full-automatic cassette-based synthesis module system Mortenon M1 for synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals with various radionuclides, was designed and tested. Mortenon M1 has at least three significant highlights: the cassettes are disposable, and there is no need of manual cleaning; the synthesis method program is flexible and can be edited freely by users according to special needs; this module system is suitable for radiolabeling of both small-molecule and macromolecular drugs, with potentially various radionuclides including 18 F, 64 Cu, 68 Ga, 89 Zr, 177 Lu, etc. By program control methods for certain drugs, Mortenon M1 was used for radiolabeling of both small-molecule drugs such as [ 68 Ga]-FAPI-46 and macromolecular drugs such as [ 89 Zr]-TROP2 antibody. Quality control assays for product purity were performed with radio-iTLC and radio-HPLC, and the radiotracers were confirmed for application in microPET imaging in xenograft tumor-bearing mouse models. Results Functional tests for Mortenon M1 module system were conducted, with [ 68 Ga]-FAPI-46 and [ 89 Zr]-TROP2 antibody as goal synthetic products, and it displayed that with the cassette modules, the preset goals could be achieved successfully. The radiolabeling synthesis yield was good ([ 68 Ga]-FAPI-46, 70.63% ± 2.85%, n  = 10; [ 89 Zr]-TROP2, 82.31% ± 3.92%, n  = 10), and the radiochemical purity via radio-iTLC assay of the radiolabeled products was above 99% after purification. MicroPET imaging results showed that the radiolabeled tracers had reasonable radioactive distribution in MDA-MB-231 and SNU-620 xenograft tumor-bearing mice, and the tumor targeted radiouptake was satisfactory for diagnosis. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the full-automatic module system Mortenon M1 is efficient for radiolabeling synthesis of both small-molecule and macromolecular substrates. It may be helpful to reduce radiation exposure for safety, provide qualified radiolabeled products and reliable PET diagnosis, and ensure stable production and supply of radiopharmaceuticals.

Mass customization and product platform design can exploit the benefits of modularity and provide personalized devices at competitive costs through economies of scope. However, customization-intense platforms can have thousands of potential configurations, whose development and verification must be prioritized. This paper develops a value analysis methodology that is able to rank alternative platform configurations according to customers’ preferences. It introduces Logit value, a definition of value based on a well-known stated choice model and explains the five steps of platform-based value analysis. Since product platforms are complex technical systems, particular attention is given to the gathering of information, the automatic generation of platform architectures and the visualization of results. A case study based on Google ARA’s Spiral-2 modular smart phone concept demonstrates an application of the methodology and shows its potential benefits. The case study leverages data from a conjoint analysis and survey of 200 potential customers in Puerto Rico and a generated set of over 21,000 potential configurations of which less than 1% are shown to be non-dominated. The value analysis identifies module types that are compatible with the modular product platform and appear in a high percentage of Pareto architectures. Knowledge pertaining to non-dominated configurations can provide insights into module development strategy and verification/validation activities.

When synthesizing systems for railway interlocking, it is recommended to use automated models to implement the logic of railway automation and remote control units. Finite-state machines (FSMs) can be implemented on any hardware component. When using relay technology, the functional safety of electrical interlocking is achieved by using uncontrolled (safety) relays with a high coefficient of asymmetry of failures in types 1 → 0 and 0 → 1. When using programmable components, the use of backup and diverse protection methods is required. This paper presents a flexible approach to synthesizing FSMs for railway automation and remote control units that offer both individual and route-based control. Unlike existing solutions, this proposal considers the pre-failure states of railway automation and remote control units during the finite-state machine synthesis stage. This enables the implementation of self-checking and self-diagnostic modules to manage automation units. By increasing the number of states for individual devices and considering the states of interconnected objects, the transition graphs can be expanded. This expansion allows for the synthesis of the transition graph of the control subsystem and other systems. The authors used a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) to implement a finite-state machine. In this case, the proposal is to encode the states of a finite-state machine using weight-based sum codes in the residue class ring based on a given modulus. The best coverage of errors occurring at the outputs of the logic converter in the structure of the FSM can be ensured by selecting the weighting coefficients and the value of the module. This paper presents an example of synthesizing an FPGA-based FSM using state encoding through modular weight-based sum codes. The operation of the synthesized device was modeled. It was found to operate according to the same algorithm as the real devices. When synthesizing self-checking and self-controlled train control devices, it is recommended to consider the solutions proposed in this paper.

The purpose of this study is to construct metal-organic framework (MOF) synthesis heating systems based on fuzzy method for monitoring and automatic control. In this study, the temperature sensing module for measurements sensed values that it through a wireless ZigBee chips and wired DAQ device for real-time data transmission. Because MOF synthesis, often due to different modes of heating or heating instability caused by its nucleation and crystal growth rate, is an important influence, leading to different crystallinity, the use of fuzzy theory to predict the temperature parameter and instant heating MOF synthesis parameters can be adjusted to improve the accuracy of the system. The research system to RS-232 interface module for infrared emission control packets issued and automated control of the furnace through the infrared receiver module. This study is based on a terminal interface window of Visual Basic programming and LabView graphical diagram for control system design. Finally, this research, through a number of experiments to validate the use of fuzzy system development methods and networks, can improve the accuracy of the reaction efficiency MOF sensing and control the heating system.