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This paper comprehensively considers the interest demands of three core stakeholders in V2G scenarios: electric vehicle (EV) users, the power grid, and electric vehicle aggregators (EVAs). EV users prioritize charging waiting time and queuing probability to improve travel experience; the power grid focuses on charging facility utilization and power supply reliability to maximize operational benefits; and the EVA concerns its own load level and charging/discharging pricing strategies to optimize operating income. A tripartite multi-objective optimization model for grid–EV–EVA-coordinated charging and discharging is constructed, and an improved multi-objective cuckoo search algorithm is proposed to solve the model. The algorithm integrates an iterative search process (initialization, Lévy flight search, nest abandonment and update) and a cooperative game process (iteration, convergence conditions, equilibrium implementation). Guided by the dominant strength law, the algorithm’s Pareto-optimal solution set is ranked. Finally, a V2G collaborative optimization strategy that balances the interests of all stakeholders is obtained, which can effectively reduce EV users’ charging waiting time, improve the utilization rate of grid charging facilities, and guarantee the static voltage stability of the distribution network.

Commercial data and intellectual property (IP) rights cover similar objects, sharing a consistent theoretical foundation and compatible institutional goals. This suggests the IP system is potentially adaptable for protecting commercial data. However, unlike the type-based objects of IP, commercial data demonstrates distinct characteristics in terms of property form, interest appeals, and value connotations. These differences pose difficulties in applying the current IP system to the protection of commercial data, necessitating a new institutional approach. Nevertheless, to improve the legal protection for commercial data, principles from established IP doctrines and regulatory designs can be adapted, including incentivizing property rights, facilitating market circulation, unlocking data’s value as a production factor, and balancing competing interests.

In this article, the authors analyse problems of reimbursement of expenses for the defence lawyer’s representation in the case of a judgement of acquittal. The identification of problems is based on the analysis of EU law, ECtHR jurisprudence and the legal regulation of some European countries. During the research, it was identified that the establishment of the aforementioned right is not mandatory according to the EU law and is left to the discretion of the Member States. It was also found that realization of this right of the acquitted person often balances on the edge of the conflict between individual’s and public interest. Although the right of the acquitted person to reimbursement of the expenses for the defence lawyer’s representation is provided in all States analysed in the Article, the application of this right is quite different. In some of the analysed States, the aforementioned right is guaranteed not only to the acquitted person but also to the one in respect of who the criminal proceedings are terminated or he is partially acquitted. Taking into account the identified lack of the legal regulation in Lithuania and adopting good practices of other European countries, proposals are presented in the Article on how the legal regulation of Lithuania could be improved. According to the authors, the realization of these proposals would allow to achieve an optimal balance between the individual and public interests.

As a crucial component of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the traditional knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine (TKTCM) holds significant value in health care, economy, science and technology, culture, and ecology. However, it currently faces a dual predicament: misappropriation and unauthorized use by foreign entities, coupled with inadequate preservation and protection domestically. The existing legal framework is incapable of providing comprehensive and systematic protection, making the establishment of a sui generis protection system imperative. This sui generis protection system should address four core issues: defending against foreign misappropriation and bio-piracy, protecting the rights of TKTCM holders while regulating knowledge access and utilization, reconciling the interests of rights holders and broader public interests, and establishing effective integration with the current legal system. Accordingly, we propose that a sui generis protection system for TKTCM should comprise four key mechanisms: a defensive mechanism to block improper foreign patent applications, a rights protection mechanism for knowledge holders, an interest balance mechanism to mediate between holders’ rights and societal public interests, and an integrative mechanism to ensure synergy with existing legal frameworks. Through these mechanisms, the system aims to promote the protection, preservation, innovation, and development of TKTCM.

Employees’ right to privacy and employers’ extensive need for work-related information collide. The imbalance of authority between employers and employees and the doctrine of managerial prerogative determines the outcome of these competing interests, and therefore the right to privacy requires statutory protection. The study aims to examine the legislative (hard law) and law enforcement (soft law) achievements of European and Hungarian initiatives on organizational labor control mechanisms and to understand their possible limitations concerning the doctrine of managerial prerogative. The research method was a thematic document and literature review of appropriate legislation and case law records from the European Court of Human Rights, the Hungarian Supreme Court, and the Hungarian National Authority for Data Protection and Freedom of Information. The research results confirmed our hypothesis: current legal instruments seem to limit the control mechanisms of organizations, both in terms of content and process. However, rapid technological innovations make employee privacy a moving target, where the law provides only temporary and limited protection.

In 2021 China passed the Personal Information Protection Law. One of the most important features of the law is its regulation of sensitive personal information processing. This article examines how Chinese legal frameworks treat sensitive personal information and analyzes how the Personal Information Protection Law protects sensitive personal information by creating general rules for personal information processing and specific rules for sensitive information. This article also analyzes three obstacles to sensitive personal information protection: context sensitivity, the influence of widespread use of digital technologies, and the balance among various interests. In response, this article proposes three solutions: (1) a contextual strategy for risk governance, including contextual risk analysis and resilience; (2) algorithm compliance, including the algorithmic impact assessment and algorithmic supervision; and (3) a two-step test for balancing various interests.

The COVID-19 outbreak has brought substantial disruption to life and many sectors at one stroke. The pandemic has forced the closure of many schools and universities across the world. With teaching and learning activities being shifted to an entirely online environment, libraries too, undergo dramatic changes in the way they deliver and supply materials. Libraries may meet the need and request for resources when people stay or work at home by either scanning the physical books in their collections, or to make available e-Books to a greater number of users. Nonetheless, the said two acts may trigger copyright issues. This research aims to explore the copyright challenges encountered by libraries when engaged in the said activities and seeks to suggest the possible approaches to be pursued by libraries in doing so. This research employs the doctrinal research methodology, the typical methodology for legal research. With the findings of this research, it is hoped that this paper may clear the air on the copyright concerns faced by libraries during the pandemic. In addition, the paper also strives to offer guidance to the libraries in Malaysia as to how they may perform their role during a virus outbreak without infringing copyright.

Global control of business by a state causes a conflict of interests and additional barriers to the development of international trade, which necessitates the formation of an appropriate strategy for balanced relations between business and society in the digital economy. Taking into account the main provisions of the agency theory, the choice of an effective strategy for interaction between state institutions and FEA participants requires the adoption of an effective toolkit for estimating such interaction. Using the main provisions of game theory, the study developed a corresponding game model, which includes three participants: state, economic operators, society. Based on the modelling of relevant processes, it was concluded that a state has 80 pure strategies, economic operators have 20 pure strategies, and society has 5 pure strategies, while results of a current game make it possible to determine the most advantageous situation of interaction for a state and economic operators.Thus, from the standpoint of regulating international trade, the issues of forming a balance of interests of all participants in this process allow to obtain positive results not only for specific business entities, but also for society as a whole.

The purpose of the study is the development of theoretical recommendations for a new concept of municipal power and local self-government in the Russian Federation. The objectives of the study are to consider the relationship of the legal foundations of local self-government with the historical forms of local self-government and government, and to study the comparative legal characteristics of conceptual approaches to foreign and domestic models of local self-government. The methodological basis of the research includes analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, generalization, concrete historical, comparative legal, formal legal and statistical methods. Within the framework of the study, attention is focused on the recently published works of Russian and foreign scientists, statistical data are provided. According to the results of the study, modern organizational models of local self-government are formed with consideration to the needs of multi-level public administration, which presupposes the functional involvement of local self-government bodies in the state executive power system and their responsibility for the implementation of public powers. The scientific novelty of the study lies in obtaining theoretical conclusions that a necessary condition for further municipal development in Russia is the creation of an effective mechanism for reconciling the interests of local communities with state interests, the absence of which leads to an excessive strengthening of state or social principles and a violation of a balanced model of local self-government.

The paper discusses the issue of improving the management system of the energy complex sustainable development at the territorial level from the perspective of ensuring energy security. It proposes the management models of the electric power and heat supply territorial systems development that allow taking into account current trends of expanding the use of market mechanisms to manage territorial energy production and to ensure a balance of interests of management subjects at various organizational levels. Based on a multidimensional statistical analysis for selected groups of Russian regions, it gives recommendations on choosing a priority strategy to reduce the energy intensity of the gross regional product.