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Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. The treatment plays an important role in influencing the patients’ quality of life. The basic management consists of appropriate skin cleansing, including bathing and eventually using bathing additives. Recommendations regarding frequency and duration of bathing, water temperature and usefulness of bathing additives are widely different, often leading to confusion among patients. This review aims to give insights into the best bathing practices and the use of bathing additives in atopic dermatitis in children. Several bathing additives, including bleach baths, commercial baby cleansers, bath baby oils and bath salt, appear to be promising adjunctive therapies for atopic dermatitis due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-pruritus and skin barrier repair properties through different mechanisms of action. However, their efficacy and safety are not fully understood in some cases. The usefulness of other bath additives, such as acidic and more natural substances (green tea extracts, pine tar, sodium bicarbonate), is still under investigation. Further studies are needed to determine their optimal use to achieve clinical benefit safely.

The effect of etching environment (opened or closed) on the synthesis and electrochemical properties of V 2 C MXene was studied. V 2 C MXene samples were synthesized by selectively etching of V 2 AlC at 90 °C in two different environments: opened environment (OE) in oil bath pans under atmosphere pressure and closed environment (CE) in hydrothermal reaction kettles under higher pressures. In OE, only NaF (sodium fluoride) + HCl (hydrochloric acid) etching solution can be used to synthesize highly pure V 2 C MXene. However, in CE, both LiF (lithium fluoride) + HCl and NaF+HCl etchant can be used to prepare V 2 C MXene. Moreover, the V 2 C MXene samples made in CE had higher purity and better-layered structure than those made in OE. Although the purity of V 2 C obtained by LiF+HCl is lower than that of V 2 C obtained using NaF+HCl, it shows better electrochemical performance as anodes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Therefore, etching in CE is a better method for preparing highly pure V 2 C MXene, which provides a reference for expanding the synthesis methods of V 2 C with better electrochemical properties.

Three-dimensionally printed parts are increasingly used in industry for quick repairs. They are often operated in the presence of grease, oil, and others. This article describes the effect of engine mineral oil on the fatigue life of 3D-printed FDM plastic samples. For this reason, this article aimed to investigate the influence of oil on the fatigue life of materials made using this technology. Samples made of ABA, ASA, PLA, and HIPS materials were printed with 100% fill. Divided into groups, they were stored for 15, 30, and 60 days in an oil bath at a room temperature of 23 °C and an increased temperature of 70 °C. To compare the effect of storage in oil, static tests were performed to determine the tensile strength of the specimens and to determine the load levels for the cyclic tests. Cyclic tests were performed to determine the effect of oil and temperature on the fatigue life. Internal structure studies of the specimens were performed using computed microtomography to determine the changes in the porosity of the specimens under the influence of oil. In the case of ABS, the oil-bathed samples showed a clear increase in the fatigue life, especially at 23 °C. For the ASA specimens, an increase was also evident, especially for the lower stress value. For HIPS and PLA, no clear effect of the oil bath on the fatigue life value of the samples was determined. Porosity studies using computed microtomography showed a clear decrease in the porosity of the samples as a result of the oil bath for all of them.

Oil–air flow within an oil bath lubrication tapered roller bearing is essential for the lubrication and cooling of the bearing. In this paper, we develop a simulation model to investigate the flow field of tapered roller bearings with oil bath lubrication. The multiple reference frame (MRF) approach is used to describe the physical motion of the bearing, and the volume of fluid (VOF) two–phase flow model is used to track the oil–air interface in the flow field. The effects of mesh scale, geometric gap, and oil reservoir size on calculation time and convergence accuracy are examined in detail, and the effects of inner ring rotational speed and lubricant viscosity on frictional torque are systematically studied. The results of the numerical simulation indicate that as the gap distance between the raceway and the rolling elements decreases, the frictional torque is mainly generated by churning losses at the inner raceway and the rolling elements. The frictional torque increases with increasing inner ring speed and lubricating oil viscosity, with the rolling element contributing the largest portion at approximately 50% of the total. We demonstrate the effectiveness of a method to reduce frictional torque by optimizing the internal structure of the bearing to control oil flow. By optimizing the cage structure and reducing the roller half-cone angle, frictional torque can be reduced by 29.1% and 26.2%, respectively.

This study investigates the power losses of rolling element bearings (REBs) lubricated using an oil bath. Experimental tests conducted on two different deep-groove ball bearings (DGBBs) provide valuable insights into the behaviour of DGBBs under different oil levels, generating essential data for developing accurate models of power losses. Observations of the oil bath dynamics reveal the formation of an oil ring at high oil levels, as observed for planetary gear trains, leading to modifications in the oil flow behaviour. The experiments demonstrate that oil bath lubrication generates power losses comparable to injection lubrication when the oil level is low. However, as the oil level increases, so do the power losses due to increased drag within the bearing. This study presents a comprehensive model for calculating drag losses. The proposed drag power loss model accounts for variations in oil level and significantly improves loss predictions. A comparison of existing models with the experimental results shows good agreement for both bearings, demonstrating the effectiveness of the developed model in accounting for oil bath height in loss calculations.

Magnesium (Mg) alloy sheets have attracted considerable attention as one of the most promising lightweight structural materials for weight reduction–oriented industries owing to their excellent properties compared with conventional materials. However, basal-textured Mg alloy sheets exhibit extremely inferior formability at room temperature due to their hexagonal close-packed structure and the limited number of active slip systems. Herein, an innovative warm incremental sheet forming assisted with oil bath heating approach to form difficult-to-form metal materials is proposed. To examine the forming quality of the approach, using springback as an evaluation index, a sequence of tests was conducted while forming AZ31B Mg alloy sheets according to a central composite design including response surface methodology and analysis of variance. The results indicated the approach was able to form Mg alloy sheets with great feasibility. The forming temperature (A), forming angle (B), step depth (C), and sheet thickness (D) are substantial factors that affect the springback, whereas the tool diameter (E) has a much less influential role compared with the individual effects of the other parameters, and the reasons for these results are explained. All the remaining interactive terms are substantial interactive factors except the AB, AE, BE, and CD terms, and a quadratic regression model gives the best fit with a 95% confidence level for springback. It was also indicated from the optimization results that to achieve a minimum springback value, the 166.3 °C forming temperature, 50.4° forming angle, 0.22-mm step depth, 1.18-mm sheet thickness, and 11.5-mm tool diameter should be selected.

Methods processed in aqueous solutions offer numerous advantages, including simplicity, affordability, eco-friendliness and scalability. This paper presents a facile chemical precipitation approach to synthesize water-soluble CuInS 2 (CIS) nanocrystals (NCs) in an oil bath, offering a promising Pb- and Cd-free alternative. In this method, different concentrations of thioglycolic acid have been used as a capping agent compared to other articles. The oil bath temperature was altered in a wide range of 25–150 °C and was optimized to find the best bandgap energy/band edge positions for higher energy conversion efficiencies. The characterization of the synthesized NCs was achieved using UV–visible spectroscopy, tauc plot, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The EDX analysis revealed the presence of Cu, In, and S in a 1:8.5:14.5 ratio or in more accurate form of Cu 0.11 In 0.89 S 1.53 . These CIS NCs hold significant potential for application in quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSCs) as the light absorbing layer. By deposition only one CIS QDs on nanoparticles (NPs) and hollow spheres (HSs) of TiO 2 , we observed high performance in QDSCs. The photovoltaic parameters were examined by various photovoltaic analyses. It was found that, with the oil bath temperature increasing, the short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) and open-circuit voltage (Voc) of CIS QDSCs gradually increased, leading to enhanced cell performance. The pioneer cell with TiO 2 NPs/TiO 2 HSs/CIS/ZnS photoanode, including the CIS QDs synthesized at a temperature of 120 °C, revealed a Jsc = 24.37 mA/cm 2 , Voc = 576 mV, FF = 0.37 and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of about 5.4%. Graphical abstract Schematic of the CuInS 2 QDs sensitized solar cell (a) and corresponding flat band energy diagram (b) and J-V characteristics of devices (c)

Although, three-dimensional printing has several advantages, however there are currently many limitations. In particular, printed products using composite materials such as fiber-reinforced plastic have yet to achieve the same mechanical properties as those obtained from conventional manufacturing methods. In addition, fabricating thin plates or thin shell shapes with sufficient strength is challenging. Incremental forming enables high-mix, low-volume production of thin sheets. This method applies incremental deformation to thin sheets, the desired shape is obtained by accumulating the deformation, and no dies are required. Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) materials have high specific strength. Discontinuous-fiber CFRP is capable of large plastic deformation under appropriate conditions due to the discontinuity of the reinforcement, and its mechanical properties are nearly isotropic due to the random fiber arrangement. The authors focused on this property and studied the application of single-point incremental forming to discontinuous carbon-fiber-reinforced polyamides. In this study, the workpiece was formed by heating it locally to a deformable temperature by the frictional heat between the rotating tool and the workpiece. The forming experiment was also conducted in an oil bath to keep the entire material at a suitable forming temperature. The results showed that the spindle speed affected forming results even in an oil bath and that heating using an oil bath suppressed deviations from the sine law for thickness and wall angle due to elastic deformation.

Environment-friendly, facile, cost effective green chemical methods are reported for the one-pot multicomponent solvent less synthesis of 1-aminoalkyl-2-naphthol and 1-amidoalkyl-2-naphthol exploring tannic acid as a novel, biodegradable, cheap and efficient Lewis acid catalyst. Present investigation focuses on green chemistry approach for the synthesis of aminoalkyl and amidoalkyl compounds. A mixture of sufficient amount of tannic acid, vanillin, 2-naphthol and 4-nitroaniline/ benzamide is refluxed by following various green protocols such as oil bath, microwave irradiation, hot plate with magnetic stirrer, Grindstone method and finally conventional heating method. Structure of the products confirmed by spectroscopic techniques such as IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and GC-MS. Anti-bacterial activity of synthesized compounds against Bacillus subtilis is tested by zone inhibition method.

We examined wood liquefaction using phenol and mixed acid catalysts with microwave heating, and compared that with similar processes that use oil bath heating. The reaction time for microwave heating to achieve a residue content was one sixth, one eighteenth, and one twenty-fourth of that from oil bath heating, respectively, for phenol to wood （P/W） ratios of 2.5/1, 2/1 and 1.5/1. A low P/W ratio tended to result in carbonization of liquefied wood due to an insufficient amount of phenol and localized microwave superheating. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic （FTIR） evaluation of the liquefied residue, showed that the liquefaction rates of wood com- ponents differed. Hemicellulose was most susceptible to liquefaction, crystalline cellulose was most recalcitrant, and guaiacyl units the most prone to re-condensation. From FTIR, the chemical components and substitution patterns of bonded phenol were similar for both methods.