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This study reports on the development and validation of an abridged version of the 50-item Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), a self-report measure of autistic traits. We aimed to reduce the number of items whilst retaining high validity and a meaningful factor structure. The item reduction procedure was performed on data from 1,263 Dutch students and general population adults. The resulting 28-item AQ-Short was subsequently validated in 3 independent samples, both clinical and controls, from the Netherlands and the UK. The AQ-Short comprises two higher-order factors assessing ‘social behavioral difficulties’ and ‘a fascination for numbers/patterns’. The clear factor structure of the AQ-Short and its high sensitivity and specificity make the AQ-Short a useful alternative to the full 50-item version.

This article assesses the consequences of poverty between a child's prenatal year and 5th birthday for several adult achievement, health, and behavior outcomes, measured as late as age 37. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (1,589) and controlling for economic conditions in middle childhood and adolescence, as well as demographic conditions at the time of the birth, findings indicate statistically significant and, in some cases, quantitatively large detrimental effects of early poverty on a number of attainment-related outcomes (adult earnings and work hours). Early-childhood poverty was not associated with such behavioral measures as out-of-wedlock childbearing and arrests. Most of the adult earnings effects appear to operate through early poverty's association with adult work hours.

Objective: To investigate the association between theory of mind, ability and forgiveness, along with the moderating role of various demographic influences. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of study: Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad Pakistan, from May to Aug 2020. Methodology: Four hundred eighty-seven young adults with an age range of 20-30 years were included. Reading Mind in the Eyes test and behavioural measures of forgiveness were explored. Correlation and moderation analysis were performed. Results: Results presented that forgiveness and theory of mind were positively correlated (r=0.71, p<0.05) and also supported the established demographic influences, i.e., women (11.59±5.39) score more than men on the indicator of Theory of Mind (9.92±5.56). In addition, those who have interest in literature (11.30±5.56) tended reading others’ mental state to a greater extent than others (9.49±5.41). Several friends emerged as a moderator for the relationship between the theory of mind and forgiveness. In contrast, fewer friends depicted the best tendency to infer others’ mindsets or empathize, thus facilitating forgiveness. Conclusion: Our findings depict that the number of friends has a moderating role in the relationship between the theory of mind and forgiveness. It shows that an increase in forgiveness is associated with an increase in the theory of mind for all groups.

Trait impulsivity is thought to play a key role in predicting behaviors on the externalizing spectrum, such as drug and alcohol use and aggression. Research suggests that impulsivity may not be a unitary construct, but rather multidimensional in nature with dimensions varying across self-report assessments and laboratory behavioral tasks. Few studies with large samples have included a range of impulsivity-related measures and assessed several externalizing behaviors to clarify the predictive validity of these assessments on important life outcomes. Community adults (N = 1295) between the ages of 30 and 54 completed a multidimensional assessment of impulsivity-related traits (including 54 self-report scales of personality traits implicated in impulsive behaviors, and four behavioral tasks purporting to assess a construct similar to impulsivity) and reported on five externalizing behavioral outcomes (i.e. drug, alcohol, and cigarette use, and physical and verbal aggression). We ran an exploratory factor analysis on the trait scales, and then a structural equation model predicting the externalizing behaviors from the three higher-order personality factors (i.e. Disinhibition v. Constraint/Conscientiousness, Neuroticism/Negative Emotionality, and Extraversion/Positive Emotionality) and the four behavioral tasks. Relations between the self-report factors and behavioral tasks were small or nonexistent. Associations between the self-report factors and the externalizing outcomes were generally medium to large, but relationships between the behavioral tasks and externalizing outcomes were either nonexistent or small. These results partially replicate and extend recent meta-analytic findings reported by Sharma et al. (2014) to further clarify the predictive validity of impulsivity-related trait scales and laboratory behavioral tasks on externalizing behaviors.

Insight in nonverbal correlates of paranoid ideation can potentially help improve diagnostic procedures and guide interventions. The aim was to systematically evaluate the scientific evidence investigating nonverbal correlates of paranoid ideation. The review follows the PRISMA guidelines. Databases PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cinahl were searched for studies concerning the use of standardized instruments for both verbal and nonverbal measurements of paranoid ideation in adult participants. Quality of studies was evaluated using the Effective Public Health Practice Project tool. Data were systematically extracted and summarized thematically and narratively. This review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022288001). The search strategy yielded 3962 results of which 22 papers met inclusion criteria. Half ( = 11) of the included articles included patients with a diagnosis on the psychosis spectrum, the other articles ( = 11) studied healthy populations. Identified nonverbal categories were ( = 6) ( = 5) ( = 5) ( = 4) ( = 3), and ( = 1). Some studies investigated multiple nonverbal categories. Evidence was strongest for spatial behavior and brain region activity as nonverbal correlates of paranoid ideation. Evidence for stress physiology, information processing, and aggression as potential nonverbal correlates was less robust, due to inconsistent findings and small numbers of publications. Using nonverbal methods to assess paranoid ideation requires more investigation and evaluation. The integration of nonverbal assessments might offer new diagnostic possibilities that move beyond traditional verbal methods.

Vaccination plays a crucial role in containing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, a significant fraction of the global population is reluctant to take a coronavirus vaccine. A burgeoning literature has considered mainly adaptive personality traits as antecedents of vaccine hesitancy (i.e., Big Five and HEXACO), while maladaptive personality traits (i.e., “Dark Tetrad” of personality) are often a comparatively neglected area. In this research, we examined the relationship between everyday sadism and intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19. We theorized that driven by antisocial tendencies and social indifference, individuals with higher sadism may be less willing to obtain a vaccine. Employing a bug-killing paradigm to capture everyday sadism, we tested this prediction in a Chinese sample of non-student adults (N = 188). Support for this proposition was found in the lab task, which demonstrates that sadism was associated with more vaccine refusal spanning the self-report and behavioral domains. In addition, we showed that the sadistic behavioral choices can be predicted with self-report measure of sadistic personality. These findings highlight the important role of maladaptive personality traits in predicting vaccination attitudes and intentions.

Emotion dysregulation is conceptualized to be at the core of multiple psychopathological conditions and has gained a lot of attention as a construct in both research and clinical settings. Measuring emotion dysregulation proves to be difficult due to inconsistencies in the literature about the definition of emotion and emotion dysregulation. Likewise, there are no comprehensive reviews on what measures can be used to capture specific facets of emotion dysregulation. This narrative review aims to address these issues. A literature review of measures that fall under five major categories (self-report, cognitive, physiological, brain activity, and behavioral measures) was conducted. We demonstrate how these measures have been utilized in past clinical and research applications while discussing their benefits and pitfalls. We also discuss how some measures are intrinsically linked to specific emotion theories that should be considered when interpreting findings. Thus, this article provides a guide for practicing clinicians and researchers assessing emotion dysregulation in their settings as to which measures may be best suited for their needs. Finally, after summarizing our findings, we provide future directions for the field. Le déséquilibre affectif, perçu comme étant au cœur de multiples états psychopathologiques, a attiré l'attention en tant que construit, tant dans les contextes cliniques qu'en recherche. Il est difficile d'évaluer le déséquilibre affectif en raison d'incohérences dans la littérature quant à la définition d'émotion et de déséquilibre affectif. De la même façon, il n'y a aucune revue approfondie sur les outils qui peuvent servir à saisir des facettes précises du déséquilibre affectif. Cette revue narrative vise à combler ces manques. Les auteurs ont réalisé une revue de littérature des outils, regroupés en cinq grandes catégories : autorapportés, cognitifs, psychologiques, pour les activités cérébrales et comportementales. Ils montrent en quoi ces outils ont été utilisés par le passé dans des applications cliniques et de recherche, tout en soulignant leurs avantages et leurs lacunes. De plus, ils expliquent en quoi certaines mesures sont intrinsèquement liées à des théories sur les émotions dont on devrait tenir compte dans l'interprétation des résultats. Ainsi, l'article constitue un guide pour les cliniciens et les chercheurs qui évaluent le déséquilibre affectif dans leurs milieux en leur suggérant les outils les plus appropriés selon leurs besoins. Finalement, après le résumé des résultats obtenus, les auteurs proposent des orientations futures dans le domaine. Public Significance Statement This article is a narrative literature review on measures of emotion dysregulation that include self-report, cognition, physiology, brain activation patterns, and behavior. Strengths and disadvantages of each approach are discussed in the context of both research and clinical use. General limitations of the field of researching emotion dysregulation and future directions for research are identified.

Tinnitus is a prevalent complaint, and people with bothersome tinnitus can report any number of associated problems. Yet, to date, only a few studies, with different populations and relatively modest sample sizes, have qualitatively evaluated what those problems are. Our primary objective was to determine domains of tinnitus problem according to a large clinical data set. This was a retrospective analysis of anonymized clinical data from patients who attended a U.K. Tinnitus Treatment Center between 1989 and 2014. Content analysis was used to code and collate the responses of 678 patients to the clinical interview question “Why is tinnitus a problem?” into categories of problems (domains). We identified 18 distinct domains of tinnitus-associated problems. Reduced quality of life, tinnitus-related fear, and constant awareness were notably common problems. Clinicians need to be mindful of the numerous problem domains that might affect their tinnitus patients. Current questionnaires, as well as being measures of severity, are useful clinical tools for identifying problem domains that need further discussion and possibly measurement with additional questionnaires. The domains identified in this work should inform clinical assessment and the development of future clinical tinnitus questionnaire.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1273008.].

Purpose This study investigated the sex and task effects in mental rotation (MR) among Chinese primary school students, employing behavioral assessments and functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for a comprehensive analysis. Method The sample consisted of 62 Grade 4 and 5 students aged between 9.58 and 11.33 (Mage = 10.604, SD = 0.35). Participants completed two MR tasks: MR1, which required the rotation of 24 figures, and MR2, which involved the rotation of 16 English letters. fNIRS was employed to measure neural activation in specific brain areas, and behavioral performance was assessed alongside brain activity. Findings Behavioral data revealed no significant effects of sex or task type on the performance of MR1 or MR2. However, the fNIRS results demonstrated notable sex and task effects. Specifically, boys exhibited significantly higher brain activation in Brodmann Areas (BAs) 6, 9, and 46 than girls. In contrast, girls showed significantly more activation in BA 46 during the MR1 figure rotation task. This suggests that while behavioral tasks showed no differences, neuroimaging revealed underlying neural disparities. Conclusion The discrepancy between behavioral and fNIRS findings reveals a tendency in behavioral studies to accept a false negative, resulting in Type II errors. While neuroimaging data indicate substantial differences not reflected in behavioral measures, this challenges the reliability of null results typically associated with traditional behavioral paradigms. This study highlights the critical need to integrate neuroimaging techniques to understand cognitive processes better. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of reevaluating conventional interpretations of behavioral data to ensure a more comprehensive view of mental function. Regions that show the Task and Group × Task interaction main effect in the mental rotation task marked on MNI space: Region G (BA 46) contains Channels 30 and 34. The difference found in the Task and Group × Task main effect is circled in red.