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This study was designed to investigate academic motivation profiles (and their similarity) among distinct samples of high school students. Anchored in recent developments in self-determination theory, these profiles were estimated while considering both the global and specific nature of academic motivation. The role of fixed mindsets and parenting practices in predicting profile membership, as well as the implications of these profiles for several outcomes, were also investigated. Latent profile analysis revealed five profiles (weakly motivated, moderately motivated, self-determined, amotivated, and strongly motivated) differing in global and specific motivation levels. Fixed mindset was weakly related to profile membership, perceived parenting practices showed more widespread associations. Most desirable outcomes were linked to the self-determined and strongly motivated profiles, and then to the moderately motivated, weakly motivated, and amotivated profiles.

Using data from 708 French-Canadian nurses, the present study relies on self-determination theory (SDT) and its proposed motivation mediation model to examine the associations between need satisfaction, work motivation, and various manifestations of psychological wellbeing (work satisfaction, emotional exhaustion, and turnover intentions). To increase the precision and accuracy of these analyses, we relied on analytic approaches that explicitly account for the dual global/specific nature of both work motivation and need satisfaction. Results revealed that nurses' global psychological need satisfaction, and their specific autonomy and competence satisfaction, were positively associated with their global self-determined work motivation and specific intrinsic motivation. In turn, global self-determined work motivation and specific intrinsic motivation were associated with more desirable outcome levels. Nurses' global need satisfaction and specific autonomy satisfaction were also directly associated with more desirable outcome levels. Our results provided support for a partially mediated version of SDT's motivation mediation model.

Objectives The purpose of this research was to create two state measures of self-compassion based on the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS): an 18-item State Self-Compassion Scale-Long form (SSCS-L) that could be used to measure the six components of self-compassion, and a six-item State Self-Compassion Scale-Short form (SSCS-S) that could be used as a measure of global state self-compassion. Methods Study 1 ( N = 588) used a community sample to select items for the SSCS-L and SSCS-S. Confirmatory Factor Analyses, Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM), and bifactor modeling were used to analyze the factor structure of the SSCS-L and SSCS-S. Predictive validity was assessed by examining associations with positive and negative affect. Study 2 ( N = 411) used a student sample to examine the psychometric properties of the SSCS-L and SSCS-S after a self-compassion mindstate induction (SCMI) to determine if its factor structure would remain unchanged after manipulation. Study 3 ( N = 139) examined the psychometric properties of the SSCS-S alone. Results The SSCS-L had good psychometric properties and SSCS-S was also adequate. A bifactor-ESEM representation (with one global factor and six components) was supported for the SSCS-L, and a single factor was supported for the SSCS-S. Both scales were reliable. Psychometric properties were unchanged after the experimental manipulation of self-compassion. A total state self-compassion score and subscale scores were associated with positive and negative affect in the expected directions. Conclusions The SSCS-L and SSCS-S appear to be valid measures of state self-compassion.

The present study re-investigated whether need satisfaction and frustration are better represented as two opposite ends of the same continuum or two distinct constructs through the application of the bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling (bifactor-ESEM) framework. Also, the criterion-related validity of the final representation was tested in relation to indicators of wellbeing. Using a sample of 774 participants (501 females, Mage = 27.86, SDage = 9.52), several alternative models were contrasted. The results supported the multidimensional bifactor-ESEM representation including one global factor of need fulfillment and the six specific factors being the combination of satisfaction and frustration with autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Most items tapped into meaningful specificity once the global factor was accounted for. Finally, the global factor was substantially and positively related to positive affect and negatively to negative affect. Competence satisfaction further predicted positive affect, while competence and relatedness frustration predicted negative affect.

EFA solutions have been proposed to represent the factor structures of empathy based on Interpersonal Reactivity Index in recent literature, yet the measure instrument IRI has a clear theory of empathy, if it is extended to Chinese cultural background for analysis, ESEM is a more advantageous analysis method. The primary aim of this study was to examine the factor structures of the Chinese version of the IRI, an empathy measurement instrument. Data from 1053 Chinese college students (males: 531; 50.43%) were used to examine and compare four ESEM factor models—two-factor and four-factor ESEM models, and bifactor ESEM models with two and four specific factors. The results indicated that, for each type of ESEM model (standard ESEM and bifactor ESEM), the four-factor models displayed better fit than the two-factor models. Specifically, the bifactor ESEM model with four first-order factors best represented the Empathy factor structure in our sample. Additionally, measurement invariance testing results demonstrated that measurement invariance was established across gender groups.

This paper examines the multidimensional nature of workplace motivation and the importance of a continuum structure in self-determination theory through application of complementary variable- and person-centered approaches. This approach is taken to simultaneously model the complexity of motivation and highlight interactions between motivational factors. Additionally, this study represents an initial test of the temporal stability of work motivation profiles. A sample of 510 full-time employees were recruited from a range of occupations. Results support the central importance of a general factor representing self-determination as the most influential factor in an employee’s motivation profile. However, smaller effects associated with the motivation subscales, especially identified regulation, were also noticed. Importantly, motivation profiles were found to be highly stable over the 4-month duration of this study. Results lend support to the theoretical position that while general self-determination is an essential component of motivation, it alone does not fully describe an employee’s motivation.

OrientationEntrepreneurial competence (EC) is important for entrepreneurial success. Situational judgement test (SJT) is a promising tool for assessing EC, but its construct validation often faces methodological challenges.Research purposeThis study aims to re-examine the factor structure of the short version of the Indonesian Entrepreneurial Competence Inventory (IECI), an SJT for measuring EC in the Indonesian context.Motivation for the studyPrevious studies produced conflicting findings: exploratory factor analysis supported a three-dimensional model, while confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated nine-dimensional model. This disparity most likely caused by the limitations of CFA in modelling complex SJT data, creating validity ambiguity.Research approach/design and methodData were collected from 498 entrepreneurs in the micro, small, and medium enterprises sector in Indonesia. The IECI factor structure was analysed using exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) and bifactor ESEM.Main findingsThe bifactor ESEM model provided the best fit, revealing one strong general factor (g-factor) and three weaker specific factors. These findings reconcile previous studies by demonstrating that EC has a hierarchical structure.Practical/managerial implicationsThe total IECI score has been proven to be a highly reliable measure of general EC. However, the interpretation of sub-dimension scores must be done with caution because of their smaller variance contribution.Contribution/value-addThis study resolved on the IECI’s dimensionality by applying more appropriate psychometric method. The findings advance the theoretical understanding of EC as a bifactor construct and strengthen the IECI’s validity.

The 44-item Trait Fear Scale (TF-44) is a relatively new self-report measure of threat sensitivity, a biologically related trait that reflects a general readiness to respond to aversive stimuli across different processing contexts with defense system activation. This study aimed to validate the TF-44 in the Chinese cultural context using two large undergraduate samples. In Sample 1 ( N  = 516), we used a bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling (bifactor-ESEM) to examine the factor structure of the TF-44. In Sample 2 ( N  = 379), we assessed the convergent and discriminant validity of the TF-44 by comparing it with measures of personality and psychopathology, including the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure, Big Five Inventory-2, DSM-5 severity measure for fear disorders, and two substance use-related scales. The results of the bifactor ESEM indicated that fear/fearlessness emerged as a robust general factor in responses to all TF-44 items, concurrently revealing the presence of three specific factors. The findings also revealed that the convergent and discriminant validity of the Chinese version of TF-44 was similar to that in English-speaking samples. Specifically, the Chinese TF-44 scores were positively correlated with Negative Emotions and fear-related disorders, negatively correlated with Extraversion and psychopathic fearless traits (TriPM Boldness), and showed weak or no associations with disinhibition and substance use symptoms. Overall, the Chinese version of the TF-44 emerges as a valuable assessment tool for evaluating threat sensitivity.

Emotional intelligence has been recognized as an important meta-competency for helping individuals to navigate throughout their career. However, the multidimensionality of emotional intelligence has seldom been fully investigated at the measurement level, and it remains unclear how specific dimensions predict career-related outcomes over and above the general factor of emotional intelligence. We addressed this issue using a bifactor-ESEM framework among a sample of Belgian adult learners ( N  = 445), and explored the incremental and predictive validity of emotional intelligence dimensions on important career-related outcomes (i.e., emotional exhaustion, work-family conflict, family-work conflict, and career satisfaction). Beyond the predictive effect of the general factor of emotional intelligence on career-related outcomes, we demonstrated the specific contribution of several dimensions (comprehension, regulation and utilization). Our results support the importance of distinguishing the specific effects of emotional intelligence dimensions and bring important contributions for guidance counselors and for designing tailor-made interventions.

This research aims to examine the reliability, convergent validity, and measurement invariance of the de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJGLS). The study focused especially on the examination of the model-data fit of various competitive factor structures in a young adult sample. The results demonstrate that the bifactor-ESEM model shows a high model-data fit according to CFI and RMSEA. In this case, it has been determined that the cross-loadings defined by the bifactor-ESEM model have an increasing effect on the model-data fit. Also with the bifactor-ESEM model, DJGLS has one highly reliable general factor and two irrelevant subfactors. Metric measurement invariance according to gender was provided. DJGLS scores were correlated moderately and highly, and were statistically significant with external variables. Finally, it can be said that DJGLS is a measurement tool with construct and convergent validity and reliability in the young adult sample. In addition, DJGLS is essentially a uni-dimensional scale and shows the best model-data fit in the bifactor-ESEM model.