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جاسوس في كردستان العثمانية : رحلات هنري بنديييه إلى بلاد الكرد والآثوريين
الرحالة الفرنسي المحترف (Henery Binder) يقوم برحلته إلى بلاد ما بين النهرين أو ميزوبوتاميا، كما يعرفها جغرافيو ورحالة أوروبا، وتجذبه هذه المرة-من رحلاته-منطقة لم يتجاسر الكثيرون على الرحلة إليها، وهي كردستان العراق، تلك المنطقة الجبلية الحدودية التي تطل الآن على حدود سبعة دول، هي : العراق وإيران وأذربيجان وتركيا وأرمينيا وسوريا وجورجيا. وكانت هذه المنطقة-منطقة حوض نهر الزاب الأعلى، موطن الكرد والآثوريين (السناطرة)- تمثل تحديا خطيرا أمام الرحالة الأوروبيين ؛ لقلة المعلومات عنها، ولوعورة مسالكها، والخوف المتوارث من سكانها الجبليين القساة.
Book
Polymeric Binders Used in Lithium Ion Batteries: Actualities, Strategies and Trends
Polymeric binders account for only a small part of the electrodes in lithium‐ion batteries, but contribute an important role of adhesion and cohesion in the electrodes during charge/discharge processes to maintain the integrity of the electrode structure. Therefore, polymeric binders have become one of the key materials to improve the charge/discharge properties of lithium‐ion batteries. Qualified polymer binders should not only require good bond strength, mechanical properties, conductivity, chemical functionality and processing performance, but also be environmentally friendly and low cost. The existing commercial polymeric binders cannot meet all the above requirements at the same time. This is a hot research area that researchers are keen to focus on, and it is hoped that through structural design, the matching of functional groups can meet the requirements of high‐capacity lithium‐ion batteries with long cycle life. Focusing on the structural design of polymer binders, the mechanism of interaction with electrode materials, and the functional properties of polymer binders, this review summarizes the polymer binders used in the cathode and anode in recent years. It could expect that this review can inspire a deep consideration on these critical issues, paving new pathways to improve comprehensive performance of polymer binders.
The article summarizes the research progress of polymer binders applied in cathodes and anodes of lithium‐ion batteries in recent year. The properties and future prospects of polymer binders are mainly discussed from the structural design and functionality of polymer binders. It is hoped that this paper will create new thinking and research directions for the development of lithium‐ion batteries.
Journal Article
Mechanical and economical feasibility of LDPE Waste-modified asphalt mixtures: pathway to sustainable road construction
This research study evaluates the impact of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) modified asphalt binder on the mechanical performance and economical feasibility of asphalt concrete (AC) mixtures. LDPE-modified mixtures were compared with conventional mixes prepared with various binders commonly used in India, i.e., VG 30, VG 40, Polymer-Modified Binder (PMB), and Crumb Rubber Modified Binder (CRMB). LDPE-modified mixtures exhibit superior mechanical performance, increasing the stiffness of AC mixtures by 171% and 125% at 25 °C and 35 °C, respectively, compared to VG 30 base binder. Additionally, the indirect tensile strength (ITS) improved by 51% over VG 30. LDPE-modified mixtures also showed improved resistance to permanent deformation, with
RT
Index
values up to 133.46% higher than VG 30, and higher fatigue resistance, as indicated by increased
CT
Index
values compared to VG 30 and CRMB. However, the
CT
Index
values for LDPE-modified mixtures were 26.32% and 56% lower than those for VG 40 and PMB, respectively. Pavement analysis using 3D-Move showed lesser deflections at pavement layer interfaces, resulting in higher rutting and fatigue life for LDPE-modified pavements. Furthermore, LDPE-modified pavements showed up to 57% higher fatigue life (N
f
) and up to 42.33% higher rutting life (N
r
) than other pavements. The economic analysis showed that the cost of LDPE-modified pavements is comparable to VG 40 and around 10% more economical than pavements containing PMB. Using LDPE also offers environmental benefits by repurposing up to 750 kg for every kilometer of single-lane pavement section having 50mm thick surface course. Overall, LDPE-modified asphalt mixtures present a sustainable and high-performance solution for asphalt pavement construction.
Journal Article
Advances in Polymer Binder Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes and Separators
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become indispensable energy-storage devices for various applications, ranging from portable electronics to electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. The performance and reliability of LIBs depend on several key components, including the electrodes, separators, and electrolytes. Among these, the choice of binder materials for the electrodes plays a critical role in determining the overall performance and durability of LIBs. This review introduces polymer binders that have been traditionally used in the cathode, anode, and separator materials of LIBs. Furthermore, it explores the problems identified in traditional polymer binders and examines the research trends in next-generation polymer binder materials for lithium-ion batteries as alternatives. To date, the widespread use of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent in lithium battery electrode production has been a standard practice. However, recent concerns regarding its high toxicity have prompted increased environmental scrutiny and the imposition of strict chemical regulations. As a result, there is a growing urgency to explore alternatives that are both environmentally benign and safer for use in battery manufacturing. This pressing need is further underscored by the rising demand for diverse binder research within the lithium battery industry. In light of the current emphasis on sustainability and environmental responsibility, it is imperative to investigate a range of binder options that can align with the evolving landscape of green and eco-conscious battery production. In this review paper, we introduce various binder options that can align with the evolving landscape of environmentally friendly and sustainable battery production, considering the current emphasis on battery performance enhancement and environmental responsibility.
Journal Article
Cellulose Nanomaterials—Binding Properties and Applications: A Review
Cellulose nanomaterials (CNs) are of increasing interest due to their appealing inherent properties such as bio-degradability, high surface area, light weight, chirality and the ability to form effective hydrogen bonds across the cellulose chains or within other polymeric matrices. Extending CN self-assembly into multiphase polymer structures has led to useful end-results in a wide spectrum of products and countless innovative applications, for example, as reinforcing agent, emulsion stabilizer, barrier membrane and binder. In the current contribution, after a brief description of salient nanocellulose chemical structure features, its types and production methods, we move to recent advances in CN utilization as an ecofriendly binder in several disparate areas, namely formaldehyde-free hybrid composites and wood-based panels, papermaking/coating processes, and energy storage devices, as well as their potential applications in biomedical fields as a cost-effective and tissue-friendly binder for cartilage regeneration, wound healing and dental repair. The prospects of a wide range of hybrid materials that may be produced via nanocellulose is introduced in light of the unique behavior of cellulose once in nano dimensions. Furthermore, we implement some principles of colloidal and interfacial science to discuss the critical role of cellulose binding in the aforesaid fields. Even though the CN facets covered in this study by no means encompass the great amount of literature available, they may be regarded as the basis for future developments in the binder applications of these highly desirable materials.
Journal Article
Polymeric Binder Design for Sustainable Lithium-Ion Battery Chemistry
The design of binders plays a pivotal role in achieving enduring high power in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and extending their overall lifespan. This review underscores the indispensable characteristics that a binder must possess when utilized in LIBs, considering factors such as electrochemical, thermal, and dispersion stability, compatibility with electrolytes, solubility in solvents, mechanical properties, and conductivity. In the case of anode materials, binders with robust mechanical properties and elasticity are imperative to uphold electrode integrity, particularly in materials subjected to substantial volume changes. For cathode materials, the selection of a binder hinges on the crystal structure of the cathode material. Other vital considerations in binder design encompass cost effectiveness, adhesion, processability, and environmental friendliness. Incorporating low-cost, eco-friendly, and biodegradable polymers can significantly contribute to sustainable battery development. This review serves as an invaluable resource for comprehending the prerequisites of binder design in high-performance LIBs and offers insights into binder selection for diverse electrode materials. The findings and principles articulated in this review can be extrapolated to other advanced battery systems, charting a course for developing next-generation batteries characterized by enhanced performance and sustainability.
Journal Article
A Comparative Review of Binder-Containing Extrusion and Alternative Shaping Techniques for Structuring of Zeolites into Different Geometrical Bodies
Zeolites are crystalline metallosilicates displaying unique physicochemical properties with widespread applications in catalysis, adsorption, and separation. They are generally obtained by a multi-step process that starts with primary mixture aging, followed by hydrothermal crystallization, washing, drying, and, finally, a calcination step. However, the zeolites obtained are in the powder form and because of generating a pressure drop in industrial fixed bed reactors, not applicable for industrial purposes. To overcome such drawbacks, zeolites are shaped into appropriate geometries and desired size (a few centimeters) using extrusion, where zeolite powders are mixed with binders (e.g., mineral clays or inorganic oxides). The presence of binders provides good mechanical strength against crushing in shaped zeolites, but binders may have adverse impacts on zeolite catalytic and sorption properties, such as active site dilution and pore blockage. The latter is more pronounced when the binder has a smaller particle size, which makes the zeolite internal active sites mainly inaccessible. In addition to the shaping requirements, a hierarchical structure with different levels of porosity (micro-, meso-, and macropores) and an interconnected network are essential to decrease the diffusion limitation inside the zeolite micropores as well as to increase the mass transfer because of the presence of larger auxiliary pores. Thus, the generation of hierarchical structure and its preservation during the shaping step is of great importance. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive survey and detailed overview on the binder-containing extrusion technique compared to alternative shaping technologies with improved mass transfer properties. An emphasis is allocated to those techniques that have been less discussed in detail in the literature.
Journal Article
Regeneration of used sand with sodium silicate binder by wet method and their core manufacturing
Organic binders that are used in sand casting emit high amounts of hazardous pollutants and volatile organic compounds during the casting process. Inorganic binders do not emit harmful gases and are widely used in aluminum casting processes. However, there is a paucity of studies on the reuse of waste sand using inorganic binders in casting processes. In the study, waste sands using an inorganic binder and a powder were recycled via wet regeneration and the effects of residual powder on regenerated sand were analyzed. The wet regeneration of molding and casting sands was performed by cleaning, followed by grinding in a 0.2-M KOH solution and then removing the residual binder using water. The molding sand was regenerated to the same level as the raw sand via the 0.2-M KOH solution followed by water cleaning twice. The casting sand removed most of the binder via additional water cleaning for the regeneration condition of the molding sand. Although the powder was completely removed from the regenerated molding sand, the regenerated casting sand remained used powder; the residual powder had a 78% performance. Thus, the regenerated casting sand was reusable only when adding binder without powder.
Journal Article
Using Waste Plastics as Asphalt Modifier: A Review
The use of waste products in the production of asphalt binders and asphalt mixtures has become widespread due to economic and environmental benefits. In particular, the use of recycled waste plastic in asphalt binders and mixtures is gaining more attention. This review presents analyses and comparisons of various forms of waste plastic used in asphalt modification, and approaches to incorporating waste plastic into asphalt mixtures, both for single and composite modifications. It focuses on the properties of waste plastics, asphalt binders, and asphalt mixtures. Overall, the incorporation of plastic waste into asphalt mixtures can significantly improve high-temperature performance and has potential economic and environmental benefits. The performance of modified asphalt is highly dependent on multiple factors, such as waste sources, waste plastic dosages, blending conditions, and the pretreatment methods for waste plastic. There are different ways to apply waste plastics to blend into a mixture. In addition, this paper discusses the current challenges for waste plastic-modified asphalt, including the stability, low-temperature performance, modification mechanism, and laboratory problems of the blends. The use of chemical methods, such as additives and functionalization, is considered an effective way to achieve better interactions between waste plastics and the binder, as well as achieving a higher sufficiency utilization rate of waste plastics. Although both methods provide alternative options to produce waste plastic-modified asphalt with stability and high performance, the optimal proportion of materials used in the blends and the microcosmic mechanism of composite modified asphalt are not clear, and should be explored further.
Journal Article