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A nitrogenous bio-fertilizer comibination was prepared contain Azospirillum lipoferum, and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria. A phosphate bio-fertilizer consisting of Bacillus megaterium and Glomus mosseae fungus was also prepared. vermicompost was produced from earthworms imported from Iran and others isolated locally. A factorial experiment was carried to evaluate the effect of the interaction between these combinations and vermicompost types under levels of 0 % , 25 % and 50 % of NPK. The results showed a significant superiority of the bio-fertilizer (nitrogen and phosphate) treatment in available nitrogen in the soil after harvest, number of tubers, yield per plant, and the total yield with 39.70 mg N kg -1, 11.03 tuber plant -1, 1367.40 g plant-1, and 43.76 Mg ha-1 respectively. While phosphate bio fertilizer treatment giving available phosphorus in the soil by 22.74 Mg P kg -1, vermicompost produced from imported earthworms was superior in giving available phosphate in the soil with value 22.74 mg p kg -1. While the tri interaction was superior for all studied characteristics. حضرت توليفة سماد حيوي نتروجيني مكونة من بكتريا lipoferum Azospirillum و Azotobacter chroococcum كما حضرت توليفة سماد حيوي فوسفاتي مكونة من بكتريا Bacillus megaterium و فطر mosseae Glomus، تم إنتاج السماد الدودي من ديدان أرض مستوردة من أيران و أخرى عزلت محليا. نفذت تجربة عاملية لتقييم تأثير التداخل بين هذه التوليفات و نوعي السماد الدودي تحت مستويات صفر و 25% و 50% من NPK أظهرت النتائج تفوق معاملة توليفة السماد الحيوي الخليط (النتروجيني و الفوسفاتي) معنويا في النتروجين الجاهز في التربة بعد الحصاد و عدد الدرنات و حاصل النبات الواحد و الحاصل الكلي لتعطي قيم 39.70 ملغم Nكغم-1 و 11.03 درنة نبات-1 و 1367.40 غم نبات-1 و 43.76 ميكا غرام هـ-1 على التتابع فيما تفوقت معاملة السماد الحيوي الفوسفاتي في إعطاء فسفور جاهز في التربة بلغ 22.74 ملغم P كغم-1 كما تفوق السماد الدودي المنتج من ديدان أرض مستوردة في جميع الصفات المدروسة. و تفوق التداخل الثلاثي على المعاملات بشكل منفرد و لجميع الصفات المدروسة.

Water scarcity has led to increased use of wastewater, particularly greywater, for crop irrigation. This study investigated whether the addition of yeast can alleviate the potential negative efects of greywater use on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). Seeds and seedlings were treated with 4 concentrations (0.005; 0.01; 0.015 and 0.020 g ·mL−1) of yeast-treated tapwater (YTW) and greywater (YGW). Tapwater (TW) and greywater (GW) without yeast served as controls. In general, an increase in yeast concentration compromised seed germination in Petri dishes, but improved germination in soil. Tapwater was more efective than GW in promoting germination and growth in both species. Lower concentrations of yeast generally increased germination capacity in both species compared to the controls. Total biomass, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, leaf area, photosynthetic rate and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) were significantly higher in yeast treatments in both species, compared with the controls. Biomass accumulation, total leaf area, chlorophyll content and photosynthesis were higher in YGW than controls and YTW. Diferences in biomass allocation between treatments may be due to changes in soil moisture, pH and electrical conductivity of the soil caused by yeast supplementation. This study showed that plants treated with YGW performed better than those treated with YTW and without yeast. Yeast supplementation of greywater could increase water recycling and provide a cheap bio-fertilizer to home growers, whilst significantly improving yield in both species. This innovative approach may enhance water and food security of subsistence farmers in rural areas.

The major global concern on energy is focused on conventional fossil resources. The burning of fossil fuels is an origin of greenhouse gas emissions resulting in the utmost threat to the environment and subsequently which leads to global climate changes. As far as sustainability is concerned, fuels and materials derived from organic or plant wastes overcome this downside establishing the solution to the fossil resource crisis. In this context, exploration of agricultural residue appears to be a suitable alternative of non-renewable resources to support the environmental feasibility and meet the high energy crisis. The use of agricultural waste as a feedstock for the biorefinery approach emerges to be an eco-friendly process for the production of biofuel and value-added chemicals, intensifying energy security. Therefore, a prospective choice of this renewable biomass for the synthesis of green fuel and other green biochemicals comes up with a favorable outcome in terms of cost-effectiveness and sustainability. Exploiting different agricultural biomass and exploring various biomass conversion techniques, biorefinery generates bioenergy in a strategic way which eventually fits in a circular bioeconomy. Sources and production of agricultural waste are critically explained in this paper, which provides a path for further value addition by various technologies. Biorefinery solutions, along with a life cycle assessment of agricultural waste biomass toward a wide array of value-added products aiding the bioeconomy, are summarized in this paper.

ABSTRACT Yarrowia lipolytica is characterized by GRAS (Generally regarded as safe) status, the versatile substrate utilization profile, rapid utilization rates, metabolic diversity and flexibility, the unique abilities to tolerate to extreme environments (acidic, alkaline, hypersaline, heavy metal-pollutions and others) and elevated biosynthesis and secreting capacities. These advantages of Y. lipolytica allow us to consider it as having great ecological significance. Unfortunately, there is still a paucity of relevant review data. This mini-review highlights ecological ubiquity of Y. lipolytica species, their ability to diversify and colonize specialized niches. Different Y. lipolytica strains, native and engineered, are beneficial in degrading many environmental pollutants causing serious ecological problems worldwide. In agriculture has a potential to be a bio-control agent by stimulating plant defense response, and an eco-friendly bio-fertilizer. Engineered strains of Y. lipolytica have become a very promising platform for eco-friendly production of biofuel, commodities, chemicals and secondary metabolites of plant origin, obtaining which by other method were limited or economically infeasible, or were accompanied by stringent environmental problems. Perspectives to use potential of Y. lipolytica’s capacities for industrial scale production of valuable compounds in an eco-friendly manner are proposed. Yarrowia lipolytica is characterized by GRAS status, the versatile substrate utilization profile, rapid utilization rates, metabolic diversity and flexibility, the unique abilities to tolerate to extreme environments (acidic, alkaline, hypersaline, heavy metal-pollutions and others) and elevated biosynthesis and secreting capacities.

Plant pathogens pose a significant threat to agricultural production due to their ability to cause diseases with substantial economic and environmental consequences. Effective management of plant pathogens is crucial for ensuring global food security and sustainability in agriculture. Biocontrol agents (BCAs) offer eco-friendly alternatives to conventional pesticides, harnessing the beneficial effects of symbiotic relationships between plants and microbes. BCAs operate through two primary mechanisms: biofertilization, where microorganisms enhance mineral availability, or by outcompeting the pathogens. The manipulation of plant microbiomes presents a promising avenue for achieving sustainable agriculture by improving nutrient uptake and disease resistance. This review comprehensively evaluates various strategies BCAs employ for plant pathogen management. These strategies encompass competition for resources and the production of antimicrobial compounds that inhibit pathogen growth. Additionally, BCAs modulate plant hormone levels, enhancing plant defence against pathogens and inducing systemic resistance mechanisms, priming plants for future pathogen attacks. Emerging techniques, such as the utilization of viruses and RNA interference, are explored for their potential to enhance BCA efficacy within integrated pest management frameworks. By leveraging viral pathogens and RNA molecules, BCAs can precisely target specific pathogens, reducing collateral damage to beneficial organisms. Implementing BCA-based pest management strategies diminishes the reliance on synthetic insecticides, mitigating ecological repercussions associated with chemical use. Integrated pest management practices fostered by BCAs promote long-term agricultural resilience, ensuring the robustness and efficiency of farming yields while minimizing environmental degradation.

Rapid human population growth and its consequences of food shortage become a significant concern in recent decades across the world. The untold reasons behind this food shortage were industrialization, urbanization, modern civilization, etc., where the agricultural land has been deployed. With the decreasing farmland and its cultivation, food productivity declined drastically and failed to serve the world's vast human population. The present challenge is to increase productivity with the least agricultural land. Thus, excessive chemical fertilizer has been used to quickly turn out more outstanding food production, leading to more significant damages to soil ecosystem and human health. Henceforth, bio-fertilizers find the best alternatives to chemical fertilizers. This study focuses on complete nature of plant growth Promoting rhizobacteria, which is used in bio fertilizers for sustainable agricultural productivity and everlasting soil fertility. The characteristics of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and its role in plant growth and formulation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria biofertilizers have been revealed through intensive literature. The consortium information collected from various literatures brings the unique findings that plant growth promoting rhizobacteria is the natural boon to the global agriculturist. This study discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria bacterial strains' role in protecting the soil from various biotic and abiotic stresses, regulating plant growth and its role in producing biofertilizers. Besides, it is transformed into commercial products. Eventually, the future trends and research in plant growth promoting rhizobacteria bio inoculants that promote sustainable agriculture have been elucidated. The microorganism is the bio fertilizer's main ingredients, promoting the soil nutrients for efficient plant growth and increasing food productivity. Although many microorganisms efficiently contribute to the soil nutrients, this review narrows down to the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria study. Beneficial bacterium plays a vital role in nutrient mineralization and productivity among the various microorganisms. Bio fertilizers containing beneficial bacteria were economically viable and readily available in nature. This review reveals the complete essence of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and its part in bio fertilizers. ===COPYRIGHTS©2021 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, as long as the original authors and source are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers.===

This study investigated the characteristics of biochars derived from the pyrolysis of rubberwood sawdust (RWS) and sewage sludge (SS) and their co-pyrolysis at mixing ratios of 50:50 and 75:25. Biochars were produced at 550 °C through slow pyrolysis in a moving bed reactor and then characterized. Results showed that the rubberwood sawdust biochar (RWSB) had high carbon content (86.70 wt%) and low oxygen content (7.89 wt%). By contrast, the sewage sludge biochar (SSB) had high ash content (65.61 wt%) and low carbon content (24.27 wt%). The blending of RWS with SS at the mentioned ratios helped enhance the gross and element contents of the biochar samples. The elemental analysis of the biochars was also reported in the form of atomic ratios (H/C and O/C). The functional groups of biochars were observed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) revealed that the biochar from SS contained a high content of inorganic elements, such as Si, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, P, and Zn. The pH of the biochars ranged from 8.41 to 10.02. Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that RWSB had a lower surface area and larger pore diameter than the other biochars. The water holding capacity (WHC) and water releasing ability (WRA) of the biochars were in the range of 1.01–3.08 mL/g and 1.19–52.42 wt%, respectively. These results will be the guideline for further application and study of biochar from RWS, SS, and blended samples.

Natural and/or human-caused salinization of soils has become a growing problem in the world, and salinization endangers agro-ecosystems by causing salt stress in most cultivated plants, which has a direct effect on food quality and quantity. Several techniques, as well as numerous strategies, have been developed in recent years to help plants cope with the negative consequences of salt stress and mitigate the impacts of salt stress on agricultural plants. Some of them are not environmentally friendly. In this regard, it is crucial to develop long-term solutions that boost saline soil productivity while also protecting the ecosystem. Organic amendments, such as vermicompost (VC), vermiwash (VW), biochar (BC), bio-fertilizer (BF), and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are gaining attention in research. The organic amendment reduces salt stress and improves crops growth, development and yield. The literature shows that organic amendment enhances salinity tolerance and improves the growth and yield of plants by modifying ionic homeostasis, photosynthetic apparatus, antioxidant machineries, and reducing oxidative damages. However, the positive regulatory role of organic amendments in plants and their stress mitigation mechanisms is not reviewed adequately. Therefore, the present review discusses the recent reports of organic amendments in plants under salt stress and how stress is mitigated by organic amendments. The current assessment also analyzes the limitations of applying organic amendments and their future potential.

Background Alfalfa is one of the most important forage crops in the world, and its performance is significantly affected by salt stress. Although plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can alleviate salt stress, their colonization in the rhizosphere is often compromised by high salinity. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) not only enhance the stress resilience of PGPR but also directly improve plant salt tolerance. Consequently, a thorough investigation of the synergistic effects between EPS and PGPR is of significant theoretical and practical importance for developing advanced microbial fertilizers. Methods To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we applied salt stress using NaCl and introduced EPS isolated from Erwinia persicina strain Cp2 (Cp2‐EPS). The effects of co‐inoculation of Cp2‐EPS alone and Bacillus DN2 on the growth and salt tolerance of alfalfa were investigated. Results Pot experiments demonstrated that co‐inoculation exerted stronger effects than single treatments, with Cp2‐EPS showing a more pronounced impact than DN2 alone. The alfalfa seedlings after combined inoculation showed increased photosynthesis and greater accumulation of osmotic substances, such as proline, soluble sugars, and soluble proteins. Increased activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase effectively reduced cell membrane damage, enhanced the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species, and alleviated oxidative stress symptoms in plant cells. The colonization density of DN2 in the alfalfa rhizosphere from the co‐inoculation was significantly higher than that in the single DN2 inoculation. Conclusions Alfalfa salt tolerance and productivity were synergistically enhanced by Cp2‐EPS through its promotion of Bacillus DN2 colonization and persistence in the rhizosphere. Co‐inoculation with Bacillus and Cp2‐Exopolysaccharides (EPS) promotes salt stress tolerance and productivity in alfalfa. CK1 (control1): distilled water, DN2: Bacillus strain DN2, EPS: Exopolysaccharide, CK2 (control2): 100 mmol·L‐1 NaCl, S: Salt.