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Deep learning in biomedical and health informatics : current applications and possibilities
\"This book provides a proficient guide on the relationship between AI and healthcare and how AI is changing all aspects of the health care industry. It also covers how deep learning will help in diagnosis and prediction of disease spread\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Achieving purely organic room temperature phosphorescence in aqueous solution
Purely organic room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have aroused increasing interests in recent years and have been widely applied in anti‐counterfeiting, biological imaging, sensing, etc. Currently, these materials can be efficiently developed in crystalline states and amorphous polymer‐doped systems. However, achieving organic RTP in solution, especially in water solution, is still a formidable challenge. Recently, reports on aqueous phase RTP have been increasing and some feasible design strategies have been proposed; however, related investigations are still limited and there is a lack of systematic reviews. Therefore, we summarized the recent cases of aqueous phase organic RTP emission with primarily focusing on the RTP properties and efficient design strategies (e.g., forming nanoparticles from phosphorescent molecules and macrocyclic supramolecular assembly). Moreover, promising applications of the aqueous phase organic RTP emission in bio‐imaging and sensing were discussed. Some detailed perspectives concerning materials design and application were provided with the hope to provide inspiration for the future development of aqueous phase organic RTP. Graphical . Purely organic room temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials have aroused increasing interests; however, achieving aqueous phase organic RTP emission is still a formidable challenge. This review summarizes the recent advances of organic materials with RTP emission in aqueous solution, primarily focusing on the efficient design strategies and their promising applications in bio‐imaging and sensing, with the hope to provide inspiration for aqueous phase organic RTP materials.
Journal Article
Room temperature phosphorescence materials based on small organic molecules: Design strategies and applications
Room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have attracted significant attention due to their applications in various fields such as information storage and encryption, organic light‐emitting diode (OLED), sensing, lighting and display, biological imaging, and photodynamic therapy. Traditionally, RTP materials can be efficiently developed using inorganic systems with noble metals or rare earth elements. Recently, many efforts have been devoted to the development of RTP materials based on small organic molecules. The strategies to construct RTP materials include hydrogen bonding, heavy atom effect, n–π* transitions, π–π stacking, donor–acceptor effect, and host–guest doping. Herein, we summarize the recent examples of RTP materials based on small organic molecules primarily focusing on their design strategies and properties. Moreover, their promising applications in information encryption, OLED, as well as bio‐imaging and phototherapy are discussed. The challenges and perspectives are given to provide inspiration toward the future development of organic RTP materials. This review summarizes the design strategies to construct room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials based on small organic molecules and their promising applications in information encryption, organic light‐emitting diode, as well as bio‐imaging and phototherapy. The challenges and perspectives are given to provide inspiration toward the future development of organic RTP materials.
Journal Article
Cyanostyryl‐Guanidiniocarbonyl‐Pyrrole Amphiphiles: From Aggregation‐Induced Emission to Photodimerization, Self‐Assembly, and Bioimaging
Two Cyanostyryl‐guanidiniocarbonyl‐pyrrole based amphiphiles are synthesized and examined in detail. In addition to achieving aggregation‐induced emission from self‐assembly, resulting in nanoparticles, it was found that the observed [2 + 2] photocycloaddition tunes the photophysical properties. The guanidiniocarbonyl‐pyrrole component of these hybrid luminophores is shown to bind oxo‐anions, such as pyrene‐tetracarboxylate, as confirmed by fluorescence lifetime measurements. Moreover, both amphiphiles are used in bio‐imaging experiments with HeLa cells, demonstrating effective cellular uptake. Amphiphiles with AIE properties, built on a novel luminophore containing an oxo‐anion binding motif, were synthesized and studied for self‐assembly in water. Carboxylate binding was verified by static quenching of a bound pyrene probe, and morphologies were analyzed by TEM, DLS, and ζ‐potential. Despite strong emission, UV light induced photodimerization, modifying photophysical properties and biocompatibility.
Journal Article
Resolution enhancement with deblurring by pixel reassignment
Improving the spatial resolution of a fluorescence microscope has been an ongoing challenge in the imaging community. To address this challenge, a variety of approaches have been taken, ranging from instrumentation development to image postprocessing. An example of the latter is deconvolution, where images are numerically deblurred based on a knowledge of the microscope point spread function. However, deconvolution can easily lead to noise-amplification artifacts. Deblurring by postprocessing can also lead to negativities or fail to conserve local linearity between sample and image. We describe here a simple image deblurring algorithm based on pixel reassignment that inherently avoids such artifacts and can be applied to general microscope modalities and fluorophore types. Our algorithm helps distinguish nearby fluorophores, even when these are separated by distances smaller than the conventional resolution limit, helping facilitate, for example, the application of single-molecule localization microscopy in dense samples. We demonstrate the versatility and performance of our algorithm under a variety of imaging conditions.
Journal Article
Real‐Time Detection of Reduced Nitroreductase with a Reversible Fluorescent Probe
Nitroreductase (NTR), a class of flavin‐dependent redox enzymes, is a key biomarker for hypoxic tumors. Numerous fluorescent NTR probes have been developed to study hypoxia and associated tumors; however, they are reaction‐based and provide only static information on the accumulated enzyme activity at a given time. Reversible binding probes are needed to monitor the enzyme level in real time. Here, the first reversible binding probe is presented that selectively detects the active, reduced form of NTR (red‐NTR) with a fluorescence turn‐on response. This probe, a benzocoumarin dye functionalized with a (nitrobenzyl)pyridinium moiety, is stabilized through hydrogen bonding between its nitro group and the reduced cofactor flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2). This interaction suppresses both the enzymatic reduction and fluorescence quenching by photoinduced electron transfer. The probe selectively distinguishes red‐NTR from its oxidized form (ox‐NTR), allowing the observation of active enzyme levels in hypoxic cells, mouse tumor tissues, and cells undergoing premature senescence. The probe offers a unique and valuable tool for studying dynamic biological processes involving NTR under redox homeostasis. The first reversible binding probe (rNTRp) is presented that selectively detects the nitroreductase enzyme's active, reduced form (red‐NTR) with a fluorescence turn‐on response. Contrary to the conventional reaction‐based probes known to date, which provide only static information on the accumulated enzyme activity at a given time, rNTRp allows monitoring the active enzyme level in real time.
Journal Article
The Rise of MXene: A Wonder 2D Material, from Its Synthesis and Properties to Its Versatile Applications—A Comprehensive Review
MXene, a new member of 2D material, unites the eminence of hydrophilicity, large surface groups, superb flexibility and excellent conductivity. Because of its prodigious characteristics, MXene has gained much approbation among researchers worldwide. MXene’s noteworthy features, such as its electrical conductivity, structural property, magnetic behaviour, etc., manifest a broad spectrum of applications, including environment, catalytic, wireless communications, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, drug delivery, wound dressing, bio-imaging, antimicrobial and biosensor. In this review article, an overview of the latest advancements in the applications of MXene has been reported. First, various synthesis strategies of MXene will be summarized, followed by the different structural, physical and chemical properties. The current advances in versatile applications have been discussed. The article aims to incorporate all the possible applications of MXene, making it a versatile material that juxtaposes it with other 2D materials. A separate section is dedicated to the bottlenecks for future developments and recommendations.
Journal Article
Carbon Dots: Opportunities and Challenges in Cancer Therapy
Recently, carbon dots (CDs) have been actively studied and reported for their various properties. In particular, the specific characteristics of carbon dots have been considered as a possible technique for cancer diagnosis and therapy. This is also a cutting-edge technology that offers fresh ideas for treating various disorders. Though carbon dots are still in their infancy and have not yet shown their value to society, their discovery has already resulted in some noteworthy advancements. The application of CDs indicates conversion in natural imaging. Photography using CDs has demonstrated extraordinary appropriateness in bio-imaging, the discovery of novel drugs, the delivery of targeted genes, bio-sensing, photodynamic therapy, and diagnosis. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of CDs, including their benefits, characteristics, applications, and mode of action. In this overview, many CD design strategies will be highlighted. In addition, we will discuss numerous studies on cytotoxic testing to demonstrate the safety of CDs. The current study will address the production method, mechanism, ongoing research, and application of CDs in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Journal Article
CMOS-Based Redox-Type Label-Free ATP Image Sensor for In Vitro Sensitive Imaging of Extracellular ATP
Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) plays a crucial role as an extracellular signaling molecule in the central nervous system and is closely related to various nerve diseases. Therefore, label-free imaging of extracellular ATP dynamics and spatiotemporal analysis is crucial for understanding brain function. To decrease the limit of detection (LOD) of imaging extracellular ATP, we fabricated a redox-type label-free ATP image sensor by immobilizing glycerol-kinase (GK), L-α-glycerophosphate oxidase (LGOx), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzymes in a polymer film on a gold electrode-modified potentiometric sensor array with a 37.3 µm-pitch. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is generated through the enzymatic reactions from GK to LGOx in the presence of ATP and glycerol, and ATP can be detected as changes in its concentration using an electron mediator. Using this approach, the LOD for ATP was 2.8 µM with a sensitivity of 77 ± 3.8 mV/dec., under 10 mM working buffers at physiological pH, such as in in vitro experiments, and the LOD was great superior 100 times than that of the hydrogen ion detection-based image sensor. This redox-type ATP image sensor may be successfully applied for in vitro sensitive imaging of extracellular ATP dynamics in brain nerve tissue or cells.
Journal Article
Biomedical Applications of Gadolinium‐Containing Biomaterials: Not Only MRI Contrast Agent
The potential applications of rare earth elements (REEs) in biomedical fields have been intensively investigated. Numerous studies have shown that doping biomaterials with REEs can enhance their properties. Gadolinium (Gd) is a biocompatible REE that holds promise in biomedical applications. This review examines the use of Gd‐doped biomaterials in osteogenic, antimicrobial, anticancer applications, and in bioimaging and bioprobes, as reported in the literature until December 2024. The included studies demonstrate that Gd‐containing biomaterials promote osteogenesis, enhance antimicrobial properties, and perform well in anticancer applications and bioimaging. Taken together, they point to the considerable potential of Gd‐doped biomaterials and thus to avenues for future research. This paper summarizes the latest applications and potential mechanisms of the rare earth element gadolinium in biomedical fields, in addition to its traditional application as an MRI contrast agent, including osteogenesis, antimicrobial, antitumor, bioimaging, bioprobes, and so on. This review not only gives us a better understanding the application status of gadolinium in biomedical fields, but also provides some insights for the future application of gadolinium‐containing biomaterials in biomedical fields.
Journal Article