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Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous materials composed of metal ions and organic ligands. Due to their large surface area, easy modification, and good biocompatibility, MOFs are often used in bio-related fields. Fe-based metal–organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs), as important types of MOF, are favored by biomedical researchers for their advantages, such as low toxicity, good stability, high drug-loading capacity, and flexible structure. Fe-MOFs are diverse and widely used. Many new Fe-MOFs have appeared in recent years, with new modification methods and innovative design ideas, leading to the transformation of Fe-MOFs from single-mode therapy to multi-mode therapy. In this paper, the therapeutic principles, classification, characteristics, preparation methods, surface modification, and applications of Fe-MOFs in recent years are reviewed to understand the development trends and existing problems in Fe-MOFs, with the view to provide new ideas and directions for future research.

Although various synthetic methodologies including organic synthesis, polymer chemistry, and materials science are the main contributors to the production of functional materials, the importance of regulation of nanoscale structures for better performance has become clear with recent science and technology developments. Therefore, a new research paradigm to produce functional material systems from nanoscale units has to be created as an advancement of nanoscale science. This task is assigned to an emerging concept, nanoarchitectonics, which aims to produce functional materials and functional structures from nanoscale unit components. This can be done through combining nanotechnology with the other research fields such as organic chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, materials science, and bio-related science. In this review article, the basic-level of nanoarchitectonics is first presented with atom/molecular-level structure formations and conversions from molecular units to functional materials. Then, two typical application-oriented nanoarchitectonics efforts in energy-oriented applications and bio-related applications are discussed. Finally, future directions of the molecular and materials nanoarchitectonics concepts for advancement of functional nanomaterials are briefly discussed.

There is an increased interest in porous materials due to their unique properties such as high surface area, enhanced catalytic properties, and biological applications. Various solvent-based approaches have been already used to synthesize porous materials. However, the use of large volume of solvents, their toxicity, and time-consuming synthesis make this process less effective, at least in terms of principles of green chemistry. Mechanochemical synthesis is one of the effective eco-friendly alternatives to the conventional synthesis. It adopts the efficient mixing of reactants using ball milling without or with a very small volume of solvents, gives smaller size nanoparticles (NPs) and larger surface area, and facilitates their functionalization, which is highly beneficial for antimicrobial applications. A large variety of nanomaterials for different applications have already been synthesized by this method. This review emphasizes the comparison between the solvent-based and mechanochemical methods for the synthesis of mainly inorganic NPs for potential antimicrobial applications, although some metal-organic framework NPs are briefly presented too.

This chapter summarizes the recent advances in the field of polypeptides prepared by N‐Carboxyanhydrides (NCA) ring‐opening polymerizations (ROP). Newly developed strategies for the synthesis of homo‐ and co‐polypeptides are introduced first. The techniques to obtain side‐chain functionalized, and complex structured polypeptides are also presented. In addition, the up‐to‐date advances in the preparation of micro‐ and nano‐structures through the self‐assembly of polypeptides are briefly summarized. Finally, issues regarding the applications of polypeptides are reviewed as well.

This chapter introduces synthesis, surface chemistry, and characterization of silicon‐based nanoparticles and discusses recent advances in their size control and surface functionalization. Despite the fact that silicon‐based nanoparticles have a broad scope of biomedical‐related applications beyond drug delivery, such as fluorescence labeling and photodynamic therapy, the chapter provides a comprehensive and up‐to‐date review on their applications in drug delivery. Generally, when \"silicon nanoparticles\" appears in literature, it refers to one of two types of silicon nanomaterials, namely, porous silicon nanoparticles and silicon nanocrystals. Silicon‐based nanoparticles, that are, porous silicon nanoparticles, silicon nanocrystals, and porous silica nanoparticles, have high specific surface areas and high mechanical and chemical stabilities. Recent advances in the precise size selection and surface functionalization of silicon‐based nanoparticles further allow the control of their biological pathway and temporal drug release profile.