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"biochar"
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Biochar for agronomy, animal farming, anaerobic digestion, composting, water treatment, soil remediation, construction, energy storage, and carbon sequestration: a review
In the context of climate change and the circular economy, biochar has recently found many applications in various sectors as a versatile and recycled material. Here, we review application of biochar-based for carbon sink, covering agronomy, animal farming, anaerobic digestion, composting, environmental remediation, construction, and energy storage. The ultimate storage reservoirs for biochar are soils, civil infrastructure, and landfills. Biochar-based fertilisers, which combine traditional fertilisers with biochar as a nutrient carrier, are promising in agronomy. The use of biochar as a feed additive for animals shows benefits in terms of animal growth, gut microbiota, reduced enteric methane production, egg yield, and endo-toxicant mitigation. Biochar enhances anaerobic digestion operations, primarily for biogas generation and upgrading, performance and sustainability, and the mitigation of inhibitory impurities. In composts, biochar controls the release of greenhouse gases and enhances microbial activity. Co-composted biochar improves soil properties and enhances crop productivity. Pristine and engineered biochar can also be employed for water and soil remediation to remove pollutants. In construction, biochar can be added to cement or asphalt, thus conferring structural and functional advantages. Incorporating biochar in biocomposites improves insulation, electromagnetic radiation protection and moisture control. Finally, synthesising biochar-based materials for energy storage applications requires additional functionalisation.
Journal Article
Synthesis Methods, Properties, and Modifications of Biochar-Based Materials for Wastewater Treatment: A Review
The global impact of water and soil contamination has become a serious issue that affects the world and all living beings. In this sense, multiple treatment alternatives have been developed at different scales to improve quality. Among them, biochar has become a suitable alternative for environmental remediation due to its high efficiency and low cost, and the raw material used for its production comes from residual biomass. A biochar is a carbonaceous material with interesting physicochemical properties (e.g., high surface area, porosity, and functional surface groups), which can be prepared by different synthesis methods using agricultural wastes (branches of banana rachis, cocoa shells, cane bagasse, among others) as feedstock. This state-of-the-art review is based on a general description of biochar for environmental remediation. Biochar’s production, synthesis, and multiple uses have also been analyzed. In addition, this work shows some alternatives used to improve the biochar properties and thus its efficiency for several applications, like removing heavy metals, oil, dyes, and other toxic pollutants. Physical and chemical modifications, precursors, dopants, and promoting agents (e.g., Fe and N species) have been discussed. Finally, the primary uses of biochar and the corresponding mechanism to improve water and soil quality (via adsorption, heterogeneous photocatalysis, and advanced oxidation processes) have been described, both at laboratory and medium and large scales. Considering all the advantages, synthesis methods, and applications, biochar is a promising alternative with a high potential to mitigate environmental problems by improving water and soil quality, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and promoting the circular economy through residual biomass, generating value-added products for several uses.
Journal Article
Biochar Adsorbents for Arsenic Removal from Water Environment: A Review
Arsenic intake can cause human health disorders to the lungs, urinary tract, kidney, liver, hyper-pigmentation, muscles, neurological and even cancer. Biochar is potent, economical and ecologically sound adsorbents for water purification. After surface modifications, adsorption capacity of biochar significantly increased due to high porosity and reactivity. Adsorption capacities of the biochar derived from the municipal solid waste and KOH mixed municipal solid waste were increased from 24.49 and 30.98 mg/g for arsenic adsorption. Complex formation, electrostatic behavior and ion exchange are important mechanisms for arsenic adsorption. Organic arsenic removal using biochar is a major challenge. Hence, more innovative research should be conducted to achieve one of the 17 sustainable development goals of the United Nations i.e. “providing safe drinking water for all”. This review is focused on the arsenic removal from water using pristine and modified biochar adsorbents. Recent advances in production methods of biochar adsorbents and mechanisms of arsenic removal from water are also illustrated.
Journal Article
Terra preta : how the world's most fertile soil can help reverse climate change and reduce world hunger : with instructions on how to make this soil at home
\"Terra preta, meaning \"black earth\" in Portuguese, is a very dark, fertile soil first made by the original inhabitants of the Amazon Basin at least 2,500 years ago. According to a growing community of international scientists, this ancient soil, sometimes referred to as biochar, could solve two of the greatest problems facing the world: climate change and the hunger crisis. This comprehensive book condenses everything we know about terra preta and provides instructions for how to make it. Both passionate and practical, the book offers indispensable advice for how to create a better world from the ground up.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Biochar
Interest in biochar among soil and environment researchers has increased dramatically over the past decade. Biochar initially attracted attention for its potential to improve soil fertility and to uncouple the carbon cycle, by storing carbon from the atmosphere in a form that can remain stable for hundreds to thousands of years. Later it was found that biochar had applications in environmental and water science, mining, microbial ecology and other fields. Beneficial effects of biochar and its environmental applications cannot be fully realised unless the chemical, physical, structural and surface properties of biochar are known. Currently many of the analytical procedures used for biochar analysis are not well defined, which makes it difficult to choose the right biochar for an intended use and to compare the existing data for biochars. Also, in some instances the use of inappropriate procedures has led to erroneous or inaccurate values for biochars in the scientific literature. Biochar: A Guide to Analytical Methods fills this gap and provides procedures and guidelines for routine and advanced characterisation of biochars. Written by experts, each chapter provides background to a technique or procedure, a stepwise guide to analyses, and includes data for biochars made from a range of feedstocks common to all presented methods. Discussion about the unique features, advantages and disadvantages of a particular technique is an explicit focus of this handbook for biochar analyses. Biochar is primarily intended for researchers, postgraduate students and practitioners who require knowledge of biochar properties. It will also serve as an important resource for researchers, industry and regulatory agencies dealing with biochar.
eBook
LDH–Ferrite–Biochar–Polymeric Composites for Enhanced Adsorption–Desorption of Acid Blue 41 and Real Textile Wastewater Purification: A Batch and Column Study
One major cause of to environmental pollution is industrial dye wastewater. The main purpose of current work was synthesis and investigation of effectiveness of LDH–Ferrite–Biochar–Polymeric composites for removal of anionic dye (Acid blue 41) from wastewater. The co-precipitation technique is used to synthesize Zn–Al Layered double hydroxide-Manganese ferrite–Egg Shell biochar–Starch (Zn–Al–MnFe
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–ESB–Sta), Cu–Al Layered double hydroxide–Cadmium ferrite–Eucalyptus bark biochar–Chitosan (Cu–Al–CdFe
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–EBB–Cs), Cd–Al Layered double hydroxide–Cobalt ferrite–Jujube wood biochar–Sodium alginate (Cd–Al–CoFe
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–JWB–Na–Alg), Mn–Al Layered double hydroxide–Copper ferrite–Mulberry Stem Biochar–Starch (Mn–Al–CuFe
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–MSB–Sta) and Co–Al Layered double hydroxide–zinc ferrite-peanut shell biochar–carboxymethyl cellulose (Co–Al–ZnFe
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–PSB–CMC). According to findings of recent studies, Zn–Al–MnFe
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–ESB-Sta (40.1 mg/g), Cu–Al–CdFe
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–EBB–Cs (35.6 mg/g), Cd–Al–CoFe
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–JWB–Na–Alg (28.1 mg/g), Mn–Al–CuFe
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–MSB-Sta (37.3 mg/g) and Co–Al–ZnFe
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–PSB–CMC (31.2 mg/g) has adsorption capacity for acid blue 41 dye. All composites achieved maximum adsorption effectiveness in acidic range (2–5), eliminating AB-41 dye in 45 min at optimal dose 0.05 g and 150 mg/l initial dye concentration was optimum. After 30 °C, adsorption potential decreased, indicating exothermic mechanisms. The efficiency was still adequate after five cycles of regeneration. The Pseudo 2nd order Kinetics and Freundlich isotherm model were successfully implemented among the applied models. The aforementioned composites are deemed the most cost-effective, energy-efficient, ecologically friendly, and biologically renewable materials for treating wastewater containing AB-41 dye. The results indicate that Zn–Al–MnFe
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–ESB–Sta is the most effective synthetic composite for water remediation among all others. Furthermore, it was discovered in a column study that the ideal bed height, flow rate, and inlet concentration of dye were 3 cm, 3.6 ml/min, and 50 mg/l, respectively, for achieving the highest adsorption of AB-41 dye.
Graphical Abstract
Journal Article
Removal of Selected Heavy Metal Ions from Industrial Wastewater Using Rice and Corn Husk Biochar
This study investigated the removal of heavy metal ions from industrial wastewater by using rice and corn husk biochar. The choice of the materials was influenced by their large surface area, abundance of functional groups as well as their availability in the local environment. Rice and corn husks were pyrolyzed at 500, 600, and 700 °C to make biochars that were used to treat low-quality industrial wastewater. Initial metal ion levels in wastewater and residual levels after the application of biochars were measured using an atomic adsorption spectrophotometer. Carbonization of rice husks at 600 °C produced the best removal efficiencies for Cr (65%), Fe (90%), and Pb (> 90%). The carbonization of corn husks at 600 °C produced the worst removal efficiencies for Cr (only 20%) and Pb (slightly > 35%). Regardless of the carbonization temperature, rice husk biochars performed better than corn husk biochars. Experimental data fitted well the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models (R2 values ranging between 0.82 and 0.99). The Langmuir separation factor, RL, had negative values, probably due to the low initial concentration of the adsorbates in the raw wastewater. All the biochars showed a relatively short contact time (20 to 30 min) to attain maximum adsorption efficiencies and are a promising feature for future industrial applications. The studied biochar materials from rice and corn husk have the potential to remove heavy metal ions from industrial wastewater; rice husk biochar showed higher removal capacity than corn husk biochars.
Journal Article