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The current study was performed to investigate the influence of different stocking density rates on the performance, thermophysiological measurements as well as blood parameters of 0 to 30 d of age female Ross broiler. A total of 96 chicks were randomly distributed in a randomized complete block design among 12 cages. Three stocking density rates were applied; low (28.0 kg/m 2 ), medium (37.0 kg/m 2 ) and high (40.0 kg/m 2 ). Results revealed that cumulative body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) were influenced (P<0.01) by the rate of stocking density, while no effect (P>0.05) were observed for broilers mortalitycorrected feed conversion ratio (FCR). Higher BWG (P<0.01) and FI (P<0.05) were reported for low and medium density rates broilers in comparison to the high density rate broilers. Overall means of body temperature as well as head, neck, wing, body and shank surface temperatures have displayed (P<0.05) higher values in medium and high density rates broilers compared to the low density rate broilers. Furthermore, increasing the stocking density from 28 to 40 kg/m 2 induced a state of hemodilution in higher density rate broilers, which might explain the noticeable decrease in packed cell volume (PCV). Meanwhile, an increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was observed in the higher density group, which might indicate hepatocellular injures. It can be concluded that increasing the stocking density rate from 28 to 40 kg of BW/m 2 had evident impingement effects on the performance of broiler chicken and could jeopardize their welfare.

Background The reduction of antimicrobial usage in food‐producing animals necessitates the intense search for novel alternatives, including new probiotic strains with more effective properties in improving growth performance and curtailing diseases in animals. Objective This study evaluated the effects of novel mono‐ and multi‐strain probiotics on the growth performance, intestinal microbiota and haemato‐biochemical parameters of broilers. Methods A total of 160 one‐day‐old Cobb 500 broilers were divided into eight treatment groups with two replicates consisting of (1) basal diet (negative control), (2) basal diet with antibiotic, colistin sulphate, (3) basal diet with commercial probiotic, PROMAX® (positive control), (4) basal diet with Pediococcus acidilactici I5, (5) basal diet with P. pentosaceus I13, (6) basal diet with Enterococcus faecium C14, (7) basal diet with Lactobacillus plantarum C16 and (8) basal diet with the combination of all the four probiotic strains. Birds were kept for 35 days and through oral gavage, 1 ml of 108 study probiotic strains administered on days 3–6, 14 and 18. Results Supplementation with P. pentosaceus I13, L. plantarum C16 or multi‐strain probiotics significantly (p < 0.05) improved the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio with decrease in feed intake and intestinal Enterobacteria counts. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, total white blood cells, platelets counts and a lowered (p < 0.05) total cholesterol and glucose levels in multi‐strains probiotic supplemented birds. Conclusion The supplementation with novel multi‐strain probiotics improved growth, intestinal health and haemato‐biochemical parameters in broilers and could be used as suitable antibiotic alternatives. This study evaluated the effect of novel probiotics supplementation on the growth performance, intestinal microbiota, and haemato‐biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. Birds were supplemented with mono and multi‐strains probiotics through oral gavage. The multi strain probiotics significantly improved growth performance, reduced intestinal Enterobacterial counts, increased haemoglobin, WBC and platelet counts, as well as lowering total cholesterol and glucose level in broilers.

The present work was conducted on Cobb-500 broilers fed with either probiotics (Yogurt, Promax®) or antibiotic growth promoters (Ciproflox®, Renamycin®) to assess the effects on body weight and biochemical parameters. A total of 30 day-old broiler chicks were purchased and acclimatized for 7 days in the experimental shed. After initial acclimatization, the broilers were allotted into five equal groups (n=6). Group A was considered as control and was fed commercial ration and fresh drinking water. Groups B and C were fed commercial ration and probiotics (Yogurt, Promax®) respectively mixed in water. Groups D and E received commercial ration and antibiotic growth promoters (Ciproflox®, Renamycin®) respectively with water. Body weight of each bird was recorded on day 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35. At the end of trial period, the birds were sacrificed to collect blood in order to prepare serum samples for biochemical analyses considering total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipids (HDL), creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Body weight in all treatment groups (B, C, D and E) was significantly (P<0.05) higher as compared to control (A) group. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels significantly (P<0.05) decreased in probiotics treated groups as compared to control and antibiotic growth promoters treated groups. AST and ALT values increased significantly (P<0.05) in antibiotic growth promoters treated groups as compared to control whereas, these values decreased in probiotics treated groups. Creatinine levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher in antibiotic growth promoters treated groups as compared to all others groups. Significantly increased body weight is observed in probiotics and antibiotic growth promoters supplemented broilers. Probiotics also improve the lipid profile and other biochemical parameters as compared to growth promoter. Probiotics (like Yogurt and Promax®) seem to be better choice than antibiotic growth promoters as feed supplements.

This study aimed to examine two concentrations of Rosa damascene extract on toxic effect of Zn on the liver of common carp. For this purpose, four treatments with three replicates were designed as following: treatment one as control, treatment 2 exposed to 3 mg/l ZnSO4, and treatments 3 and 4 supplemented with 2.5 and 5 g of R. damascene extract along with exposure to 3 mg/L ZnSO4. After 45 days, the bioaccumulation of Zn and histopathological alternation in the liver, as well as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), triglyceride, cholesterol and albumin were measured. The results showed the highest concentration of Zn in treatment, and its decreasing trend in treatments 3 and 4. The histopathological examinations showed the most alternations in treatment 2, but lower changes in treatment 3 and 4 due to application of R. damascene extract. In addition, those measured biochemical parameters had increased in treatment 2 following exposure to ZnSO4, whereas they had decrease in treatments 3 and 4. These results revealed positive effect of R. damascene extract to decrease toxicity of Zn on the liver of common carp.

A 42-day trial was undertaken to study the effect of different dietary levels of thyme essential oil (TEO) on serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens. Seven hundred and sixty-eight selected one-day-old Mahua broilers were divided into 8 dietary treatment groups with an addition of 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30 and 0.35 mg/kg of thyme essential oil respectively, with 4 replicate pens per treatment group (24 birds each). The feeding programme included a starter diet until day 21 and a finisher diet from day 22 until day 42. The results suggested that TEO markedly increased serum total proteins and globulins on day 21, significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase activity (P≤0.05), the albumin-to-globulin ratio, and serum urea on day 21 and 42, and in particular it improved high- density lipoproteins on day 21 and 42 (P≤0.05). In conclusion, TEO can promote protein metabolism, enhance lipolysis and strengthen the immune function. Furthermore, after a comprehensive analysis, the ideal range of the essential oil addition to the broiler feed proved to be between 0.1 and 0.25 mg/kg.

Objective: The experiment was designed to establish suitable management strategies through the different feeding and breeding approaches on fertility improvement in the experimental repeat breeding (RB) cows. Materials and Methods: 80 RB cows were selected for this experiment. Before grouping, all cows were deworming and then divided into four equal groups, namely Group-TF1 [traditional feeding practice and natural insemination (NI)], Group-TF2 [traditional feeding practice and Artificial insemination (AI)], Group-SF1 [standard (STD) feeding practice and NI], and Group-SF2 (STD feeding practice and AI). These allocated RB cows were fed by traditional and STD feeding methods for 90 days and then inseminated by AI and NI breeding systems. The dominant follicle (DF) diameter, hemato-biochemical elements, and estrogen (E2) hormone were estimated during the insemination of cows. Estimation of the pregnancy rate was carried out at days 45-90 post-insemination in the cows. Results: The pregnancy rate was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in STD feeding practice with NI when compared to traditional feeding practice irrespective of breeding systems, and it was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher in NI than in AI breeding system, irrespective of feeding strategies. The results also showed that the diameter of DF, serum E2, total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, total cholesterol, total protein, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, ferric iron, copper, zinc, and magnesium at the time of insemination were significantly (p < 0.01) elevated in the experimental RB cows with STD feeding practice. The diameter of DF and serum E2 were significant (p < 0.01) and positively correlated with all hemato-biochemical elements in the cows at the time of insemination. Conclusion: The results suggest that NI with STD feeding practice may increase fertility in RB cows by improving general health status. Finally, it could support the veterinarians and researchers to define the management strategies using feeding and breeding strategies to prevent repeat breeding syndrome in dairy cows.

Diabetic foot ulcers are among the most common problems facing the people with diabetes. Leukocytes have been shown to penetrate the region of inflammation in order to regulate the infection. Thus, the current research was designed to study the infiltration of leukocytes in diabetic foot patients. Samples were taken from 50 healthy individuals and 100 diabetic foot ulcer patients. Levels of Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, and creatinine were measured. Leukocytes infiltration was also evaluated in the diabetic foot patients. Levels of FBS and HbA1c were significantly increased (p≤ 0.05) in patients with diabetic foot ulceration. In addition, the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and urea significantly increased (p≤ 0.05) in diabetic foot ulceration patients. However, the levels of creatinine greatly decreased in patients with diabetic foot ulceration. Infiltrated leukocytes were significantly increased in the ulcerated foot. Furthermore, the study found a strong association between leukocyte infiltration and HbA1c as follows: (y = 0.6864x + 0.9455: R² = 0.776). Thus, studying the mechanism of controlling leukocytes in diabetic foot ulcer could greatly participate in healing of diabetic foot ulcers.

The impact of fasting in Ramadan as a unique type of nutritional regimen on biochemical and hematological parameters is still an issue of debate. Almost very little is known regarding the regulatory role(s) of this nutritional status on immune responses or inflammation. The levels of biochemical parameters were determined using commercial diagnostic kits. Hematological parameters were also examined. We also employed ELISA for detection of CXCL1, CXCL10 and CXCL12 chemokines. The Student-T test was used to compare the values of different parameters obtained in the first and last day of Ramadan fasting by employing SPSS (version 18) software. As our findings demonstrated, there was a markedly difference between before and after Ramadan BMI of the individuals who fast. Our results also revealed that there was a remarkable difference between the levels of total cholesterol, FBS, Triglycerides and LDL before and after Ramadan fasting. RESULTS revealed that among studied hematological parameters only the numbers of platelets were markedly different before and after Ramadan fasting program in individuals who practice fasting. Our results also showed decreased levels of pro-inflammatory CXC chemokines but unaltered levels of homoeostatic ones. The results of this study may reveal that Ramadan fasting is quite safe for normal healthy adults and so very useful in reduction of cholesterol and triglycerides in relation with dyslipidemia. It is also possible to conclude that fasting is important in controlling of inflammation via chemokines.

Introduction: Vitamin D is characterized by a group of secosteroid molecules derived from 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). Its role in bone metabolism is well established; however, the mechanisms by which it may influence the musculoskeletal system, particularly in increasing muscle strength and mass, are still under investigation. Objective: To evaluate the impact of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength in BALB/c mice over different supplementation periods. Methods: Twenty-four BALB/c mice were equally divided into 4 groups: Control (C), 7-day supplementation (7D), 15-day supplementation (15D), and 30-day supplementation (30D), with a fixed dose of 400 IU/day. Muscle strength was measured daily using the inverted grid method. At the end of each treatment period, blood and diaphragm muscle samples were collected to determine AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, CPK, and vitamin D levels. The diaphragm muscle was collected to measure the cross-sectional area, as well as the major and minor diameters. Results: Vitamin D supplementation for 15 days caused a significant reduction in blood glucose levels compared to the 7D group (p<0.05). Regarding vitamin D levels, the supplemented groups showed significantly higher values compared to the control group. The diaphragm area of mice supplemented for 15 days was larger compared to the control group. Conclusion: Vitamin D does not affect muscle strength, regardless of the supplementation period. Moreover, it does not cause hepatotoxic or nephrotoxic effects. However, the supplementation of BALB/c mice with vitamin D for 15 days may reduce glucose levels and increase diaphragm area. Introdução: a vitamina D é caracterizada por um grupo de moléculas secosteroides derivadas do 7-dehidrocolesterol (7-DHC). Seu papel no metabolismo ósseo é bem estabelecido; no entanto, os mecanismos pelos quais ela pode influenciar o sistema musculoesquelético, particularmente no aumento da força e da massa muscular, ainda estão sendo investigados.  Objetivo: avaliar o impacto da suplementação de vitamina D sobre a força muscular em animais BALB/c ao longo de diferentes períodos de suplementação.  Método: vinte e quatro camundongos da linhagem BALB/c foram divididos igualmente em 4 grupos: Controle (C), suplementação por 7 dias (7D), suplementação por 15 dias (15D) e suplementação por 30 dias (30D), com uma dose fixa de 400 UI/dia. A força muscular foi medida diariamente utilizando o método da grade invertida. Ao final de cada período de tratamento, foram obtidas amostras de sangue e do músculo diafragma para a determinação de AST, ALT, ureia, creatinina, CPK e vitamina D. O músculo diafragma foi coletado para medir a área de secção transversal, bem como os diâmetros maior e menor. Resultados: a suplementação de vitamina D por 15 dias causou uma redução significativa nos níveis de glicose sanguínea em comparação ao grupo 7D (p<0,05). Em relação à dosagem de vitamina D, os grupos suplementados apresentaram valores significativamente mais elevados em comparação ao grupo C. A área do diafragma dos camundongos suplementados por 15 dias foi maior em comparação ao grupo controle. Conclusão: a vitamina D não interfere na força muscular, independentemente do período de suplementação. Além disso, ela não provoca efeitos hepatotóxicos ou nefrotóxicos. No entanto, a suplementação de animais BALB/c por 15 dias com vitamina D pode reduzir as concentrações de glicose e aumentar a área do diafragma.

With the release of ChatGPT at the end of 2022, a new era of thinking and technology use has begun. Artificial intelligence models (AIs) like Gemini (Bard), Copilot (Bing), and ChatGPT-3.5 have the potential to impact every aspect of our lives, including laboratory data interpretation. To assess the accuracy of ChatGPT-3.5, Copilot, and Gemini responses in evaluating biochemical data. Ten simulated patients' biochemical laboratory data, including serum urea, creatinine, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c), in addition to HbA1c, were interpreted by three AIs: Copilot, Gemini, and ChatGPT-3.5, followed by evaluation with three raters. The study was carried out using two approaches. The first encompassed all biochemical data. The second contained only kidney function data. The first approach indicated Copilot to have the highest level of accuracy, followed by Gemini and ChatGPT-3.5. Friedman and Dunn's post-hoc test revealed that Copilot had the highest mean rank; the pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences for Copilot vs. ChatGPT-3.5 ( P  = 0.002) and Gemini ( P  = 0.008). The second approach exhibited Copilot to have the highest accuracy of performance. The Friedman test with Dunn's post-hoc analysis showed Copilot to have the highest mean rank. The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test demonstrated an indistinguishable response ( P  = 0.5) of Copilot when all laboratory data were applied vs. the application of only kidney function data. Copilot is more accurate in interpreting biochemical data than Gemini and ChatGPT-3.5. Its consistent responses across different data subsets highlight its reliability in this context.