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Animal studies and the scarce clinical trials available that have been conducted suggest that bioactive surfaces on dental implants could improve the osseointegration of such implants. The purpose of this systematic review was to compare the effectiveness of osseointegration of titanium (Ti) dental implants using bioactive surfaces with that of Ti implants using conventional surfaces such as sandblasted large-grit acid-etched (SLA) or similar surfaces. Applying the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement, the MEDLINE, PubMed Central and Web of Science databases were searched for scientific articles in April 2020. The keywords used were “dental implants”, “bioactive surfaces”, “biofunctionalized surfaces”, and “osseointegration”, according to the question: “Do bioactive dental implant surfaces have greater osseointegration capacity compared with conventional implant surfaces?” Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool. 128 studies were identified, of which only 30 met the inclusion criteria: 3 clinical trials and 27 animal studies. The average STROBE (STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology) and ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) scores were 15.13 ± 2.08 and 17.7±1.4, respectively. Implant stability quotient (ISQ) was reported in 3 studies; removal torque test (RTT)—in 1 study; intraoral periapical X-ray and microcomputed tomography radiological evaluation (RE)—in 4 studies; shear force (SF)—in 1 study; bone-to-implant contact (BIC)—in 12 studies; and BIC and bone area (BA) jointly—in 5 studies. All animal studies reported better bone-to-implant contact surface for bioactive surfaces as compared to control implants with a statistical significance of p < 0.05. Regarding the bioactive surfaces investigated, the best results were yielded by the one where mechanical and chemical treatment methods of the Ti surfaces were combined. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and calcium–phosphate (Ca–Ph) were the most frequently used bioactive surfaces. According to the results of this systematic review, certain bioactive surfaces have a positive effect on osseointegration, although certain coating biomolecules seem to influence early peri-implant bone formation. Further and more in-depth research in this field is required to reduce the time needed for osseointegration of dental implants.

Few binding events are here shown to elicit an extended work function change in a large‐area Au‐surface biofunctionalized with ≈108 capturing antibodies. This is demonstrated by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), imaging a ≈105 µm2 wide Au‐electrodes covered by a dense layer (≈104 µm−2) of physisorbed anti‐immunoglobulin‐M (anti‐IgM). A 10 min incubation in 100 µL phosphate buffer saline solution encompassing ≈10 IgM antigens (10−19 mole L−1  102 × 10−21 m) produces a work function shift ΔW ≈ –60 meV. KPFM images prove that this shift involves the whole inspected area. Notably, no work function change occurs upon incubation in highly concentrated (3 × 10−15 m) nonbinding IgG solutions. The ΔW measured by KPFM is in quantitative agreement with the threshold voltage shift of an electrolyte‐gated single‐molecule large‐area transistor (SiMoT). The findings provide direct experimental evidence for the SiMoT ultrahigh sensitivity, by imaging the extensive shift of the gate work function, likely arising from collective surface phenomena, elicited by single‐molecule binding events. A few antigen–antibody bindings generate an extended work function shift, assessed by Kelvin probe atomic force microscopy (AFM), in a large‐area biofunctionalized Au‐surface covered by 108 antibodies. This striking result compares with the threshold voltage shift measured by electrolyte‐gated single‐molecule transistor sensors and demonstrates that an amplification mechanism of the electrostatic change triggered by a few affinity binding events works even on a barely physisorbed biolayer.

Glioblastoma (GBM), classified as a grade IV glioma, poses a significant challenge in the medical field due to the lack of efficient early detection techniques and targeted treatment options. This review addresses this critical unmet need by evaluating the transformative potential of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs), along with their biofunctionalized derivatives. These advanced nanomaterials offer remarkable opportunities to revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of GBM at the cellular level. The excellent biocompatibility, stability, and adjustable surface properties of biofunctionalized GQDs (bGQDs) and biofunctionalized CQDs (bCQDs) create a strong foundation for the targeted management of GBM. Careful surface modifications enable selective toxicity toward GBM cells while preserving the health of normal cells. This approach enhances penetration through the blood–brain barrier and targets tumor cell nuclei precisely. Furthermore, the photophysical properties of bCQDs and bGQDs make them suitable for innovative anticancer treatments, including photodynamic and photothermal therapies. By incorporating anticancer agents and receptor-mediated targeting systems within bCQDs and bGQDs, therapeutic effectiveness is significantly improved through enhanced drug delivery and increased tumor specificity. Developing sensitive and selective biosensors for GBM using bCQDs and bGQDs as fluorescent and electrochemical sensing platforms enables real-time monitoring of disease progression. This review emphasizes the promising future of fluorescent CQDs and GQDs as powerful alternatives to traditional GBM management strategies, paving the way for more effective and personalized approaches in nanomedicine. Clinical trial number Since this study is a review, it is not eligible for submission to the clinical trial registry.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory immune-triggered disease that causes synovitis, cartilage degradation, and joint injury. In nanotechnology, conventional liposomes were extensively investigated for RA. However, they frequently undergo rapid clearance, reducing circulation time and therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, their stability in the bloodstream is often compromised, resulting in premature drug release. The current review explores the potential of targeted liposomal-based nanosystems in the treatment of RA. It highlights the pathophysiology of RA, explores selective targeting sites, and elucidates diverse mechanisms of novel liposomal types and their applications. Furthermore, the targeting strategies of pH-sensitive, flexible, surface-modified, PEGylated, acoustic, ROS-mediated, and biofunctionalized liposomes are addressed. Targeted nanoliposomes showed potential in precisely delivering drugs to CD44, SR-A, FR-β, FLS, and toll-like receptors through the high affinity of ligands. studies interpreted stable release profiles and improved stability. studies on skin demonstrated that ultradeformable and glycerol-conjugated liposomes enhanced drug penetrability. experiments for liposomal types in the arthritis rat model depicted remarkable efficacy in reducing joint swelling, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and synovial hyperplasia. In conclusion, these targeted liposomes represented a significant leap forward in drug delivery, offering effective therapeutic options for RA. In the future, integrating these advanced liposomes with artificial intelligence, immunotherapy, and precision medicine holds great promise.

Modern innovation in reconstructive medicine implies the proposition of material-based strategies suitable for tissue repair and regeneration. The development of such systems necessitates the design of advanced materials and the control of their interactions with their surrounding cellular and molecular microenvironments. Biomaterials must actively engage cellular matter to direct and modulate biological responses at implant sites and beyond. Indeed, it is essential that a true dialogue exists between the implanted device and the cells. Biomaterial engineering implies the knowledge and control of cell fate considering the globality of the adhesion process, from initial cell attachment to differentiation. The extracellular matrix (ECM) represents a complex microenvironment able to meet these essential needs to establish a relationship between the material and the contacting cells. The ECM exhibits specific physical, chemical, and biochemical characteristics. Considering the complexity, heterogeneity, and versatility of ECM actors, fibronectin (Fn) has emerged among the ECM protagonists as the most pertinent representative key actor. The following review focuses on and synthesizes the research supporting the potential to use Fn in biomaterial functionalization to mimic the ECM and enhance cell–material interactions.

This study presents a novel and environmentally friendly approach for synthesizing titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) by using Syzygium aromaticum (SA) (also known as clove) bud extract. These NPs are created by using the inherent potency of plant compounds found in cloves via an innovative method. This method not only encourages the environmentally friendly synthesis of TiO 2 NPs, but it also imparts them with distinctive characteristics. The study utilizes a comprehensive range of sophisticated spectroscopic and physicochemical methods, such as UV-vis spectroscopy, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, EDX spectroscopy, FTIR, and XRD analysis, to accurately determine the distinctive characteristics of SA/TiO 2 NPs. Ultrafine crystalline size (2.11 nm) and desired anatase phase structure was confirmed by XRD analysis. Successful attachment of functional groups from clove extract onto the TiO 2 surface was observed via FTIR. Tuned light absorption properties with a peak at 290 nm and a precisely adjusted band gap energy (3.15 eV) was observed via UV-vis spectroscopy. This study shows that TiO 2 NPs functionalized with SA bud extract have a significantly higher ability to degrade Brilliant Yellow dye (BY-18) compared to other photocatalysts. Their efficacy is demonstrated by achieving a notable 93.6% elimination of commercially accessible BY-18 dye (100 mg/L) within 60 min at a comparatively low SA-TiO 2 dosage of 200 mg/L. The remarkable accomplishment is reinforced by the prevalence of pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics, which accurately characterizes the photodegradation process. This work highlights the potential of utilizing natural resources for advanced and highly effective NPs synthesis with enhanced functionalities for photocatalysis applications.

To develop nano test tubes that will deliver a biomedical payload to a specific cell type. The template-synthesis method was used to prepare silica nano test tubes. An antibody that is specific for breast cancer cells was attached to the outer tube surfaces. A fluorophore was attached to the inner surfaces of the nano test tubes. The tubes were incubated with the breast cancer cells and the extent of attachment to the cell surfaces was investigated by fluorescence microscopy. Tubes modified on their outer surfaces with the target antibody showed enhanced attachment to breast-cancer cells, relative to tubes modified on their outer surfaces with a species and isotype-matched control antibody. This work is a first step toward demonstrating that nano test tubes can be used as cell-specific delivery vehicles.