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Challenges and Emerging Trends in Advanced Oxidation Technologies and Integration of Advanced Oxidation Processes with Biological Processes for Wastewater Treatment
One of the biggest problems the world is currently experiencing is wastewater treatment. Numerous pollutants are released into water bodies by enormous amounts of effluents from varied sources. This paper provides a concise summary of the state of the art in AOPs, biological treatment, and their efficient application for the degradation of the numerous recalcitrant organic contaminants found in wastewater. The employment of a photoreactor is necessary for the efficient execution of the majority of photocatalytic processes. This review examines the effectiveness of several reactor configurations with varying geometries. Integrating different AOPs and AOPs with biological approaches for degrading pollutants in wastewater was also discussed. It is important to emphasize that an integrated AOP/biological system produces by-products that are not hazardous, uses little energy, and completely degrades pollutants. The review also outlines the challenges and issues of wastewater treatment for an environmentally and economically feasible process.
Journal Article
Photo-Activated Sludge : a novel algal-bacterial biotreatment for nitrogen removal from wastewater
Ammoniumrijk afvalwater wordt veelal geproduceerd door gemeentelijk, industrieel en landbouwafval, en effluent uit anaerobe afvalwaterzuiveringsmethoden. Dit vormt een risico voor het milieu vanwege de hoge concentratie aan voedingsstoffen (stikstof en fosfor), wat eutrofièering in waterpartijen kan bevorderen en daarmee de kwaliteit van ecosystemen kan aantasten. Als innovatieve oplossing hierop is een nieuw biologisch verwerkingsmechanisme genaamd Photo-Activated Sludge (PAS) geèevalueerd, wat gebruik maakt van een consortium van microalgen en bacterièen voor de zuivering van ammoniumrijk afvalwater.
Book
Evolutionary conservation genetics
Conservation genetics focuses on understanding the role and requirement of genetic variation for population persistence. However, considerable debate now surrounds the role of genetic factors (as opposed to non-genetic factors such as habitat destruction, etc.) in population extinction, and a synthesis is now timely. Can extinction be explained by habitat destruction alone or is lack of genetic variation a part of the explanation? The book reviews the arguments for a role of genetics in the present biodiversity crisis. It describes the methods used to study genetic variation in endangered species and examines the influence of genetic variation in the extinction of species. To date, conservation genetics has predominantly utilized neutral genetic markers, e.g., microsatellites. However, with the recent advances in molecular genetics and genomics it will soon be possible to study ‘direct gene action’, following the fate of genetic variation at the level of DNA, through expression, to proteins in order to determine how such phenotypes fare in populations of free living organisms. This book explores these exciting avenues of future research potential, integrating ecological quantitative genetics with the new genome science. It is now more important than ever that we ask relevant questions about the evolutionary fate of endangered populations throughout the globe and incorporate our knowledge of evolutionary processes and the distribution of genetic diversity into effective conservation planning and action.
eBook
Taxonomic Tapestries
This volume explores the complexity, diversity and interwoven nature of taxonomic pursuits within the context of explorations of humans and related species. It also pays tribute to Professor Colin Groves, whose work has had an enormous impact on this field. Recent research into that somewhat unique species we call humankind, through the theoretical and conceptual approaches afforded by the discipline of biological anthropology, is showcased. The focus is on the evolution of the human species, the behaviour of primates and other species, and how humans affect the distribution and abundance of other species through anthropogenic impact. Weaving together these three key themes, through the considerable influence of Colin Groves, provides glimpses of how changes in taxonomic theory and methodology, including our fluctuating understanding of speciation, have recrafted the way in which we view animal behaviour, human evolution and conservation studies.
eBook
Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes - Further Developments and Applications
This book provides a state-of-the-art assessment on a variety of biofiltration water treatment systems from studies conducted around the world. The authors collectively represent a perspective from 23 countries and include academics/researchers, biofiltration system users, designers, and manufacturers. This book offers technical information and discussion to provide perspective on the biological and physical factors affecting the performance of slow sand filtration and biological filtration processes. Chapters have been submitted from the 5th International Slow Sand and Alternative Biological Filtration Conference, Nagoya, Japan in June 2014.
eBook
Biogeochemical responses associated with the passage of a cyclonic eddy based on shipboard observations in the western North Pacific
A shipboard high-resolution hydrographic survey in the subtropical region of the western North Pacific conducted from October to November 2008 detected part of a cyclonic eddy around 30°N, 145°E. This eddy had propagated westward in the region south of the Kuroshio extension for at least 6 months as a wavelike disturbance. Within this eddy, isopycnals shallowed between a depth of 600 m and just below the surface mixed layer. In addition, maximal dissolved oxygen concentrations were observed in the subsurface layer between depths of 50 and 100 m. Nitrate was depleted within this subsurface maximal oxygen layer. These results suggest that nutrients in the deeper layers were supplied into the euphotic layer as a result of the uplift of isopycnals in the eddy, fueling the photosynthesis of phytoplankton in the subsurface and emitting an excess of oxygen due to new production. Compared with the outside of the eddy, the enhancement of oxygen and the decrease of nitrate in the center of the eddy were estimated to be 2.7 mol O
2
m
−2
and 0.22 mol N m
−2
, respectively. The primary productivity calculated using the eddy transition speed of 5.1 km day
−1
was 548 mg C m
−2
day
−1
at the center of the eddy. The enhanced primary productivity due to the passage of the eddy is likely to have an important role in the ecosystem and on material cycling in the subtropical region.
Journal Article
Expression signatures of long non-coding RNA and mRNA in human traumatic brain injury
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a key role in craniocerebral disease, although their expression profiles in human traumatic brain injury are still unclear. In this regard, in this study, we examined brain injury tissue from three patients of the 101st Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, China (specifically, a 36-year-old male, a 52-year-old female, and a 49-year-old female), who were diagnosed with traumatic brain injury and underwent brain contusion removal surgery. Tissue surrounding the brain contusion in the three patients was used as control tissue to observe expression characteristics of lncRNAs and mRNAs in human traumatic brain injury tissue. Volcano plot filtering identified 99 lncRNAs and 63 mRNAs differentially expressed in frontotemporal tissue of the two groups (P < 0.05, fold change > 1.2). Microarray analysis showed that 43 lncRNAs were up-regulated and 56 lncRNAs were down-regulated. Meanwhile, 59 mRNAs were up-regulated and 4 mRNAs were down-regulated. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed 27 signaling pathways associated with target genes and, in particular, legionellosis and influenza A signaling pathways. Subsequently, a lncRNA-gene network was generated, which showed an absolute correlation coefficient value > 0.99 for 12 lncRNA-mRNA pairs. Finally, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction confirmed different expression of the five most up-regulated mRNAs within the two groups, which was consistent with the microarray results. In summary, our results show that expression profiles of mRNAs and lncRNAs are significantly different between human traumatic brain injury tissue and surrounding tissue, providing novel insight regarding lncRNAs' involvement in human traumatic brain injury. All participants provided informed consent. This research was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration number: ChiCTR-TCC-13004002) and the protocol version number is 1.0.
Journal Article
Revolutionary Biology
There is a revolution underway in biology. It is based on a new perception of bodies and genes, in which the former are the end product of the latter within the continuum of evolution. Twenty fi ve years after Richard Dawkins helped revolutionize our thinking about \"selfi sh genes,\" it is time to reevaluate. Revolutionary Biology explains in simple, vivid terms what this exciting approach has to off er, and then applies its stunning insights to human beings. Th is novel perspective, galvanizes our understanding of how evolution works, what living things are all about and, not least, what it means to be human. Th e controversial disciplines of sociobiology and evolutionary psychology have generated startling insights into longstanding questions concerning the nature and purpose of families, altruism vs. selfi shness, and free will vs. biological determinism. Written by one of its foremost fi gures, Revolutionary Biology is a manifesto and educated layman's guide to this ongoing revolution.
eBook
Information and living systems
Information shapes biological organization in fundamental ways and at every organizational level. Because organisms use information--including DNA codes, gene expression, and chemical signaling--to construct, maintain, repair, and replicate themselves, it would seem only natural to use information-related ideas in our attempts to understand the general nature of living systems, the causality by which they operate, the difference between living and inanimate matter, and the emergence, in some biological species, of cognition, emotion, and language. And yet philosophers and scientists have been slow to do so. This volume fills that gap. Information and Living Systems offers a collection of original chapters in which scientists and philosophers discuss the informational nature of biological organization at levels ranging from the genetic to the cognitive and linguistic.The chapters examine not only familiar information-related ideas intrinsic to the biological sciences but also broader information-theoretic perspectives used to interpret their significance. The contributors represent a range of disciplines, including anthropology, biology, chemistry, cognitive science, information theory, philosophy, psychology, and systems theory, thus demonstrating the deeply interdisciplinary nature of the volume's bioinformational theme.
eBook