Explore the vast range of titles available.

\"The text comprehensively discusses the latest Opto-VLSI devices and circuits useful for healthcare and biomedical applications. It further emphasizes the importance of smart technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and the internet of things for the biomedical and healthcare industries\"-- Provided by publisher.

In the field of human action recognition, the fusion of multi-modal data from RGB and inertial modalities provides a valid technique for identifying activities of daily life and falls. Our approach uses two reference datasets: UR-Fall Detection and UMA_Fall Detection for ADL and Fall Events. First, data preprocessing is conducted for each sort of sensor individually, then the signals are windowed and segmented properly. Key features are then extracted, where from RGB data we get 2.5D point clouds, kinetic energy, angles, curve points, ridge features, and inertial signals, giving GCC, GMM, LPCC, and SSCE coefficients. The second method employed is Adam to improve the discriminant of the chosen features. For classification, we employed a Deep Neural Network (DNN) for ADL and fall detection over the UR-Fall dataset and the UMA_Fall dataset. The classification accuracy achieved on the UMA_Fall dataset is 97% for ADL activities and 96% for fall activities, while for the UR-Fall dataset, it is 94% for ADL activities and 92% for fall activities. This diversified classifier setting compensates for the variety of data and optimizes the system for differentiating between ADL and fall events. The above system provides outstanding results in recognizing these activities on both datasets and illustrates that the multimodal data fusion can boost the human activity identification system for health and safety purposes.

Microbial electrochemical systems are a fast emerging technology that use microorganisms to harvest the chemical energy from bioorganic materials to produce electrical power. Due to their flexibility and the wide variety of materials that can be used as a source, these devices show promise for applications in many fields including energy, environment and sensing. Microbial electrochemical systems rely on the integration of microbial cells, bioelectrochemistry, material science and electrochemical technologies to achieve effective conversion of the chemical energy stored in organic materials into electrical power. Therefore, the interaction between microorganisms and electrodes and their operation at physiological important potentials are critical for their development. This article provides an overview of the principles and applications of microbial electrochemical systems, their development status and potential for implementation in the biosensing field. It also provides a discussion of the recent developments in the selection of electrode materials to improve electron transfer using nanomaterials along with challenges for achieving practical implementation, and examples of applications in the biosensing field.

Electrospinning has emerged as a very powerful method combining efficiency, versatility and low cost to elaborate scalable ordered and complex nanofibrous assemblies from a rich variety of polymers. Electrospun nanofibers have demonstrated high potential for a wide spectrum of applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, energy conversion and storage, or physical and chemical sensors. The number of works related to biosensing devices integrating electrospun nanofibers has also increased substantially over the last decade. This review provides an overview of the current research activities and new trends in the field. Retaining the bioreceptor functionality is one of the main challenges associated with the production of nanofiber-based biosensing interfaces. The bioreceptors can be immobilized using various strategies, depending on the physical and chemical characteristics of both bioreceptors and nanofiber scaffolds, and on their interfacial interactions. The production of nanobiocomposites constituted by carbon, metal oxide or polymer electrospun nanofibers integrating bioreceptors and conductive nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles) has been one of the major trends in the last few years. The use of electrospun nanofibers in ELISA-type bioassays, lab-on-a-chip and paper-based point-of-care devices is also highly promising. After a short and general description of electrospinning process, the different strategies to produce electrospun nanofiber biosensing interfaces are discussed.

In recent years, microneedle (MN) and biosensor technologies have emerged as innovative solutions for non-invasive drug delivery and real-time disease diagnostics. Microneedles offer numerous advantages, including minimal pain, targeted delivery, improved bioavailability, and enhanced patient compliance. Various types—solid, hollow, dissolving, coated, and hydrogel microneedles—are designed to address specific therapeutic needs, each with unique drug release mechanisms. Advanced fabrication techniques such as 3D printing, laser ablation, photolithography, and micro-stereolithography allow for precise design and scalability. Biosensors, composed of bioreceptors and transducers, detect and quantify biological signals with high sensitivity and specificity. These devices are classified based on bioreceptors (enzymes, antibodies, cells), transduction mechanisms (electrochemical, optical, acoustic), and detection principles (mechanical, electronic). The integration of microneedles with biosensors enables continuous, real-time monitoring of biomarkers for chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, neurological disorders like Parkinson’s disease, and renal dysfunction. Several microneedle-based biosensing devices have been developed for glucose, urea, cholesterol, nitric oxide, and carcinoembryonic antigen detection. Powering these biosensors effectively remains crucial. Emerging technologies such as triboelectric, piezoelectric, thermoelectric nanogenerators, and biological fuel cells offer promising self-powered solutions. Moreover, the future scope includes integration with artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and biodegradable materials for personalized and sustainable healthcare. This review highlights the synergistic potential of microneedles and biosensors in diagnostics and therapeutics, emphasizing their role in transforming point-of-care medicine and wearable health monitoring.

Pesticides represent some of the most common man-made chemicals in the world. Despite their unquestionable utility in the agricultural field and in the prevention of pest infestation in public areas of cities, pesticides and their biotransformation products are toxic to the environment and hazardous to human health. Esterase-based biosensors represent a viable alternative to the expensive and time-consuming systems currently used for their detection. In this work, we used the esterase-2 from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius as bioreceptor for a biosensing device based on an automated robotic approach. Coupling the robotic system with a fluorescence inhibition assay, in only 30 s of enzymatic assay, we accomplished the detection limit of 10 pmol for 11 chemically oxidized thio-organophosphates in solution. In addition, we observed differences in the shape of the inhibition curves determined measuring the decrease of esterase-2 residual activity over time. These differences could be used for the characterization and identification of thio-organophosphate pesticides, leading to a pseudo fingerprinting for each of these compounds. This research represents a starting point to develop technologies for automated screening of toxic compounds in samples from industrial sectors, such as the food industry, and for environmental monitoring.

The goal of this research is to better address the problems related to the widespread presence of pesticides in the environment. Despite the unquestionable utility of the pesticides against various pests in the agricultural field, most pesticides and the corresponding pesticide residues are toxic to the environment and hazardous to human health. The recent literature on organophosphate compounds emphasises a clear correlation between their use and the occurrence of disorders in the nervous system, especially in children. The conventional systems for the detection and analysis of these compounds are expensive, time‐consuming and require highly specialised operators; moreover, no online automated screening systems are yet available, that would allow the identification and quantification of the presence of these chemicals in samples from industrial sectors such as the food industry. Esterase‐based biosensors represent a viable alternative to this problem. In this fellowship programme, we aim to develop a robust and sensitive methodology that enables the screening of toxic compounds using a streamlined process, using an automated robotic system to achieve a continuous monitoring for risk assessment of pesticides.

AbstractA candid approach to analyze the performance characteristics of phenyl phosphonate-functionalized zirconium oxide and pure zirconium oxide (ZrO2) fillers reinforced chitosan nanocomposites and their suitability as a potential biomaterial for the development of transducer surface in biosensing device has been investigated in this communication. Functionalization of ZrO2 has been carried out using sulfophenylphosphonate which was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectrographs. The electrostatic intercalation of chitosan with filler particles was monitored using electrochemical impedance analyzer which exhibits lowest bulk resistance which is highly effective for ionic switching. Incorporation of zirconium sulfophenylphosphonate (ZrSP) the ionic conductivity of the chitosan film attained a value of 1.2 × 10−6 S/cm as compared to the unmodified one which is a prefeasibility work for the fabrication of biosensing platform. Variation in performance characteristics has been evaluated through morphological and thermal characterization. TGA and DSC analysis reveal that the thermal stability and decomposition temperature of the nanocomposites were improved by the addition of reinforcing filler particles. XRD and SEM and TEM results support the above assumption. The continuous alignment of the proton transfer channels of the nanocomposites was thoroughly investigated by AFM analysis which revealed phase morphology for improved enzyme entrapment. Further, surface functionalized nanofillers result considerable increment of mechanical properties in terms of elastic modulus and tensile stress.Graphical Abstract

Biosensors’ research filed has clearly been changing towards the production of multifunctional and innovative design concepts to address the needs related with sensitivity and selectivity of the devices. More recently, waveguide biosensors, that do not require any label procedure to detect biomolecules adsorbed on its surface, have been pointed out as one of the most promising technologies for the production of biosensing devices with enhanced performance. Moreover the combination of optical and electrochemical measurements through the integration of transparent and conducting oxides in the multilayer structures can greatly enhance the biosensors’ sensitivity. Furthermore, the integration of polymeric substrates may bring powerful advantages in comparison with silicon based ones. The biosensors will have a lower production costs being possible to disposable them after use (“one use sensor chip”). This research work represents a preliminary study about the influence of substrate temperature on the overall properties of ITO thin films deposited by DC magnetron sputtering onto 0,5 mm thick PMMA sheets.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Need for Real‐Time Measurements Basic Concepts of Biosensors Applications of Nanoporous Membrane‐Based Microfluidic Biosensors Types of Nanoporous Materials Fabrication and Integration of Nanoporous Membranes Into Microfluidic Device Functionality of Membrane in Biosensors Detection Mechanism Porous Membrane‐Based Biosensor for Detection of Living Organism Microfluidic Biosensor Systems Summary and Future Perspective References