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Since the 1970s, a great deal of attention has been paid to the development of semiconductor-based biosensors because of the numerous advantages they offer, including high sensitivity, faster response time, miniaturization, and low-cost manufacturing for quick biospecific analysis with reusable features. Commercial biosensors have become highly desirable in the fields of medicine, food, and environmental monitoring as well as military applications, whereas increasing concerns about food safety and health issues have resulted in the introduction of novel legislative standards for these sensors. Numerous devices have been developed for monitoring biological processes such as nucleic acid hybridization, protein–protein interaction, antigen–antibody bonds, and substrate–enzyme reactions, just to name a few. Since the 1980s, scientific interest moved to the development of semiconductor-based devices, which also include integrated front-end electronics, such as the extended-gate field-effect transistor (EGFET) biosensor, one of the first miniaturized chemical sensors. This work is intended to be a review of the state of the art focused on the development of biosensors and chemosensors based on extended-gate field-effect transistor within the field of bioanalytical applications, which will highlight the most recent research reported in the literature. Moreover, a comparison among the diverse EGFET devices will be presented, giving particular attention to the materials and technologies.

Synthetic microbial community (SynCom) biosensors allow for the use of genetically edited or natural microbial communities in a biosensing system to capture and convert biosignals into digital outputs.The workflow of SynCom biosensor construction contains three basic modules, including selection of microbial target candidates, construction and validation of SynComs, and detection of biosignals.SynCom biosensors have the potential to revolutionize biosensing technology by improving sensitivity, specificity, cost effectiveness, and real-time monitoring capabilities. Synthetic microbial community (SynCom) biosensors are a promising technology for detecting and responding to environmental cues and target molecules. SynCom biosensors use engineered microorganisms to create a more complex and diverse sensing system, enabling them to respond to stimuli with enhanced sensitivity and accuracy. Here, we give a definition of SynCom biosensors, outline their construction workflow, and discuss current biosensing technology. We also highlight the challenges and future for developing and optimizing SynCom biosensors and the potential applications in agriculture and food management, biotherapeutic development, home sensing, urban and environmental monitoring, and the One Health foundation. We believe SynCom biosensors could be used in a real-time and remote-controlled manner to sense the chaos of constantly dynamic environments.

Biosensors are powerful analytical tools for biology and biomedicine, with applications ranging from drug discovery to medical diagnostics, food safety, and agricultural and environmental monitoring. Typically, biological recognition receptors, such as enzymes, antibodies, and nucleic acids, are immobilized on a surface, and used to interact with one or more specific analytes to produce a physical or chemical change, which can be captured and converted to an optical or electrical signal by a transducer. However, many existing biosensing methods rely on chemical, electrochemical and optical methods of identification and detection of specific targets, and are often: complex, expensive, time consuming, suffer from a lack of portability, or may require centralised testing by qualified personnel. Given the general dependence of most optical and electrochemical techniques on labelling molecules, this review will instead focus on mechanical and electrical detection techniques that can provide information on a broad range of species without the requirement of labelling. These techniques are often able to provide data in real time, with good temporal sensitivity. This review will cover the advances in the development of mechanical and electrical biosensors, highlighting the challenges and opportunities therein.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has exemplified how viral growth and transmission are a significant threat to global biosecurity. The early detection and treatment of viral infections is the top priority to prevent fresh waves and control the pandemic. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has been identified through several conventional molecular methodologies that are time‐consuming and require high‐skill labor, apparatus, and biochemical reagents but have a low detection accuracy. These bottlenecks hamper conventional methods from resolving the COVID‐19 emergency. However, interdisciplinary advances in nanomaterials and biotechnology, such as nanomaterials‐based biosensors, have opened new avenues for rapid and ultrasensitive detection of pathogens in the field of healthcare. Many updated nanomaterials‐based biosensors, namely electrochemical, field‐effect transistor, plasmonic, and colorimetric biosensors, employ nucleic acid and antigen–antibody interactions for SARS‐CoV‐2 detection in a highly efficient, reliable, sensitive, and rapid manner. This systematic review summarizes the mechanisms and characteristics of nanomaterials‐based biosensors for SARS‐CoV‐2 detection. Moreover, continuing challenges and emerging trends in biosensor development are also discussed. Interdisciplinary advances in nanomaterials and biotechnology, such as nanomaterials‐based biosensors, have opened new avenues for rapid and ultrasensitive detection of pathogens in the field of healthcare. Many updated nanomaterials‐based biosensors, namely electrochemical, field‐effect transistor, plasmonic, and colorimetric biosensors, employ nucleic acid and antigen–antibody interactions for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) detection in a highly efficient, reliable, sensitive, and rapid manner. This systematic review summarizes the mechanisms and characteristics of nanomaterials‐based biosensors for SARS‐CoV‐2 detection. Moreover, continuing challenges and emerging trends in biosensor development are also discussed.

Developing biosensors takes patience and running through the snow.

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Electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) field-effect sensors belong to a new generation of electronic chips for biochemical sensing, enabling a direct electronic readout. The review gives an overview on recent advances and current trends in the research and development of chemical sensors and biosensors based on the capacitive field-effect EIS structure—the simplest field-effect device, which represents a biochemically sensitive capacitor. Fundamental concepts, physicochemical phenomena underlying the transduction mechanism and application of capacitive EIS sensors for the detection of pH, ion concentrations, and enzymatic reactions, as well as the label-free detection of charged molecules (nucleic acids, proteins, and polyelectrolytes) and nanoparticles, are presented and discussed.

The capability and diversity of biosensors for human healthcare have grown tremendously, with novel approaches continually being developed.Increased sensitivities of biosensors for in vitro diagnosis have been achieved using nanomaterials and nanotechnologies, while paper-based biosensor devices are a cost-effective alternative, all while maintaining high sensitivities and adapting ingenious design implementations.While clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based biosensors have traditionally been used to detect nucleic acids, recent advances using bioreceptors have expanded their capabilities to non-nucleic acid targets.Wearable biosensors now boast multiplex capabilities and are even battery-free and wireless.Continuous monitoring and wearable biosensors are both considered to be key diagnostic tools for artificial intelligence-assisted human healthcare in the near future. Biosensors are utilized in several different fields, including medicine, food, and the environment; in this review, we examine recent developments in biosensors for healthcare. These involve three distinct types of biosensor: biosensors for in vitro diagnosis with blood, saliva, or urine samples; continuous monitoring biosensors (CMBs); and wearable biosensors. Biosensors for in vitro diagnosis have seen a significant expansion recently, with newly reported clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas methodologies and improvements to many established integrated biosensor devices, including lateral flow assays (LFAs) and microfluidic/electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (μPADs/ePADs). We conclude with a discussion of two novel groups of biosensors that have drawn great attention recently, continuous monitoring and wearable biosensors, as well as with perspectives on the commercialization and future of biosensors.