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The primary goal of this research is to develop a feasible and efficient method for identifying the disease and to advocate for an appropriate system that provides an early and cost-effective solution to this problem. Due to their superior computational capabilities and accuracy, computer vision and machine learning methods and techniques have garnered significant attention in recent years for classifying various leaf diseases. As a result, Resnet50 and Resnet101 were proposed in this study for the classification of bitter gourd disease. The 2490 images of bitter gourd leaves are classified into three categories: Healthy leaf, Fusarium Wilt leaf, and Yellow Mosaic leaf. The proposed ResNet50 architecture accomplished 98% accuracy with the Adam optimizer. The ResNet101 architecture achieves an average accuracy of 94% with the Adam optimizer. As a result, the proposed model can differentiate between healthy and diseased bitter gourd leaves. This research contributes to the development of methods for detecting bitter melon leaf disease using computer vision and machine learning, achieving high accuracy and supporting automatic disease diagnosis. The results can help farmers quickly and cost-effectively detect diseases early, thereby increasing agricultural productivity.

Wild bitter gourd extracts, such as saponins, polysaccharides, and peptides, could be used to adjust blood sugar. The objective of this research was to explore the use of high pressure processing (HPP) for sterilization and acceleration of enzyme hydrolysis in the ultrasonic preparation of peptide extracts from wild bitter gourd. The results showed that the wild bitter gourd powder could be extracted via ultrasonic processing with water at 70 °C for only 20 min with a solid to liquid ratio of 1:20 to obtain the total protein content of 1.514 mg/g. The two sterilization methods for wild bitter gourd extract treated with papaya enzyme—for 2 h in the traditional autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min, or under HPP 300 MPa for 5 min—showed no significant effect on protein content, and both sterilization methods were effective. However, the extract sterilized with HPP had a significantly higher ability to scavenge DPPH free radicals. In addition, HPP (300 MPa for 5 min), combined with papaya enzyme to hydrolyze the wild bitter gourd extract, simultaneously pasteurized the extract and acquired the peptides from the wild bitter gourd extract Therefore, the ultrasonic extraction of wild bitter gourd, combined with HPP and enzyme hydrolysis, could greatly shorten the operation time (to only 5 min) for extracting the active peptides.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) patients need to control their blood sugar level in order to achieve a good quality of life. This study was conducted using the health belief model (HBM), to explore the factors behind the bitter melon peptide (BMP) intake behavior and the role of self-efficacy in the model. The subjects were type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was adopted from the theory of health belief model and modified specifically for this study as an instrument to survey 292 DM patients, of whom 51.03% were female, 75.68% were married, and 49.32% were aged 40 to 64 years old. The data were analyzed using -tests, one-way ANOVA and regression. Perceived susceptibility was the most sensitive in the response to the various demographic factors, whereas perceived barrier was the least sensitive. The HBM explained 38.0% of BMP intake behavior. Perceived benefits (β= 0.357) and perceived susceptibility (β= 0.348) were the major predictors. Self-efficacy mediated the relationship between perceived benefits and BMP intake behavior, as well as increased the variance explained to 51.30%. The perceived benefits of taking BMP and perceived susceptibility to DM complications were the two major drivers acting on BMP intake behavior. The power of perceived benefits was mediated by self-efficacy in driving DM patients to take BMP regularly. Several ways of affecting perceived susceptibility and perceived benefits were suggested.

This Experiment was carried out in the plastic houses, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad during the spring season 2018. Six inbred lines of bitter gourd were crossed full diallel crosses and planted during season 2018-2019 (six inbred lines +15 diallel hybrid + 15 Reciprocal hybrid + control hybrid). These genotypes were studied under the influence of amino acid spraying. This experiment was carried out using the split plot design included two factors: The first factor represents amino acid spraying with control treatment and spraying phenyl alanine amino acid at concentration of 50 mg/L, and spraying Tyrosine amino acid at 100 mg/L with three times during growing season. Represents main plot were distributed randomly on three replicates. The second factor represents 37 genotypes of the bitter gourd represents Sub plot. The results were showed highest that the interaction [T (5 × 4)] had total chlorophyll concentration in leaves (29.11 mg. g-1), percentage of fruit setting (86.95% ), fruit weight (122.6 g). While the interaction P (2×3) had highest charnitin yield in plant (0.857 g). The hybrid(2×3) gave the highest charantine in the plant (0.760 g). نفذت التجربة في البيوت البلاستيكية التابعة لكلية علوم الهندسة الزراعية – جامعة بغداد في ربيع 2018 إذ أدخلت ست سلالات من القرع المر في برنامج التضريب التبادلي الكامل وفي الموسم اللاحق (خريف 2018 -2019) زرعت بذور37 تركيب وراثي (ست سلالات و 15 هجين تبادلي و 15 هجين عكسي و هجين القياس) إذ درست هذه التراكيب الوراثية تحت تأثير رشها بالأحماض الأمينية. نفذت التجربة ضمن تصميم الألواح المنشقة Split plot design و تضمنت التجربة عاملين، العامل الأول يمثل الرش بالأحماض الأمينية [الرش بالماء المقطر (معاملة المقارنة) و الرش بالحامض الأميني phenyl alanine بتركيز 50 ملغم /لترو الرش بالحامض الأميني Tyrosine بتركيز 100 ملغم / لتر و بمعدل ثلاث مرات في موسم النمو و التي تمثل Main plot و على ثلاث مكررات، و العامل الثاني يمثل 37 تركيب وراثي من القرع المرتمثل Sub plot و التي وزعت عشوائيا في كل مكرر. أظهرت النتائج تفوق معاملة التداخل [T(5×4) ] في تركيز الكلورفيل الكلي في الأوراق (29.11 ملغم. غم-1 ) و النسبة المئوية للعقد (86.95% (و وزن الثمرة (122.6غم) و حاصل النبات (2.725 كغم ) كما تفوقت معاملة التداخل [(2×3) P] في حاصل الكارنتين في النبات0.857) غم ) و أعطى الهجين ((2×3 أعلى حاصل للكارنتين في النبات (0.760غم )

Bitter gourd is a tropical wine grown mainly in India, China and South East Asia. The plant is cultivated mainly for its fruit part which is edible. Bitter gourd is unaccepted widely due to its bitter taste. Nevertheless, the fruit is a source of several key nutrients . The plant, as a whole contains, more than 60 phyto-medicines that are active against more than 30 diseases, including cancer and diabetes. Currently, the incorporation of the bioactive compounds isolated from bitter gourd into functional foods and beverages finds a new horizon. Nanoencapsulation and novel green extraction methods can be employed to improve the yield and quality of extracted compounds and their stability while incorporation into food products. The present review is an attempt to throw light to nutritional aspects, various bioactive compounds present and important nutraceutical properties of the bitter gourd plant in detail. Graphical Abstract

, commonly called bitter melon, is a plant belonging to Cucurbitaceae family known for centuries for its pharmacological activities, and nutritional properties. Due to the presence of many bioactive compounds, some of which possess potent biological actions, this plant is used in folk medicine all over the world for the treatment of different pathologies, mainly diabetes, but also cancer, and other inflammation-associated diseases. It is widely demonstrated that extracts contribute in lowering glycaemia in patients affected by type 2 diabetes. However, the majority of existing studies on bioactive compounds were performed only on cell lines and in animal models. Therefore, because the real impact of bitter melon on human health has not been thoroughly demonstrated, systematic clinical studies are needed to establish its efficacy and safety in patients. Besides, both and studies have demonstrated that bitter melon may also elicit toxic or adverse effects under different conditions. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic properties of bitter melon, discussing its pharmacological activity as well as the potential adverse effects. Even if a lot of literature is available about bitter melon as antidiabetic drug, few papers discuss the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties of this plant.

In this study, a heat storage–based hybrid greenhouse dryer has been developed and analysed for drying bitter gourd flakes under the climatic condition of Ranchi, India. Proposed heat storage–based hybrid greenhouse dryer consists of a solar air heater with a 2.12-m 2 area, greenhouse dryer and DC fan to induce and force the air. The significant objective of the present study is to analyse the drying efficiency, drying kinetics, property analysis, economic analysis, embodied energy and CO 2 mitigation of the hybrid greenhouse dryer for drying of bitter gourd flakes. An experiment was performed simultaneously on proposed system and open sun drying for the proper comparative analysis. Moisture contents reduced from 88.14 to 10.14% in 6 h in proposed dryer and 88.14 to 11.01% in 15 h for open system. Thus, significant drying time is reduced in proposed system by 8 h as compared to open system. Environmental impact analysis shows that the energy payback time was found to be 0.4907 years only. Cost of the proposed system dryer is 22664.30 INR. The total embodied energy is found 1591.07 kWh and earned carbon credit ranges from 16844.76 to 67379.05 INR, while CO 2 mitigation was 46.28 tonnes for 35 years of expected lifetime. Seven standard mathematical models for drying of bitter gourd flakes were studied. Ahmad and Prakash model was found to be the best as compared to other models. The metal contents of dried bitter gourd flakes were also examined. Bitter gourd dried in proposed dryers possesses superior metal content as compared to open systems. Impact analysis demonstrates that the hybrid greenhouse dryer is more suitable for reducing post-harvest loss with environmental sustainability.

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) contains rich bioactive ingredients and secondary metabolites; hence, it has been used as medicine and food product. This study systematically quantified the nutrient contents, the total content of phenolic acids (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), and triterpenoids (TTC) in seven different cultivars of bitter gourd. This study also estimated the organic acid content and antioxidative capacity of different cultivars of bitter gourd. Although the TPC, TFC, TTC, organic acid content, and antioxidative activity differed significantly among different cultivars of bitter gourd, significant correlations were also observed in the obtained data. In the metabolomics analysis, 370 secondary metabolites were identified in seven cultivars of bitter gourd; flavonoids and phenolic acids were significantly more. Differentially accumulated metabolites identified in this study were mainly associated with secondary metabolic pathways, including pathways of flavonoid, flavonol, isoflavonoid, flavone, folate, and phenylpropanoid biosyntheses. A number of metabolites (n = 27) were significantly correlated (positive or negative) with antioxidative capacity (r ≥ 0.7 and p < 0.05). The outcomes suggest that bitter gourd contains a plethora of bioactive compounds; hence, bitter gourd may potentially be applied in developing novel molecules of medicinal importance.

Aim: To evaluate genetic divergence for quantitative traits viz. growth, yield and quality characters among twenty small bitter gourd genotypes (Momordica charantia L var muricata) under Cauvery delta region. Methodology: A field experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with 3 replications. Genetic divergence among 20 genotypes was estimated using Principal component analysis and Cluster analysis. The data analysis was done using statistical tools viz., SPSS, GRAPES and TNAUSTAT. Results: GCV and PCV were found to be high for all the traits under investigation with the exception of days to the first and final fruit harvest, total phenol, vitamin C, and antioxidant FRAP activity, which had moderate values. The principal components (PCA) found five independent components accounting 85.78% of the total variance among 20 genotypes. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped twenty genotypes into four distinct clusters. Interpretation: High GCV and PCV indicate that the phenotype is resultant of genetic constitution and not due to environmental effect. The traits with high heritability and genetic advance responded well for direct selection. Heterosis can be exploited through hybridization between the genotypes placed in different clusters and are likely to produce superior F1 hybrids. Key words: Genetic diversity, Heritability, Momordica charantia, Small bitter gourd

Bitter gourd is increasingly being recognized for its value as a vegetable and medicinal use, but the molecular mechanisms of pathogen resistance remain relatively poorly understood. The serine carboxypeptidase-like (SCPL) protein family plays a key role in plant growth, pathogen defense, and so on. However, a comprehensive identification and functional characterization of the SCPL gene family has yet to be conducted in bitter melon. In this study, 32 SCPL genes were identified in bitter gourd and divided into three classes. The number of SCPL genes contained in the three clusters was 7, 7, and 18, respectively. Most SCPL gene promoters contain cis-acting elements with light, hormone, and stress responses. The RNA sequencing data showed that the expression of several SCPL genes changed significantly after pathogen infection. In particular, expression of the McSCPL4, 10, 17, 22, and 25 genes increased substantially in the resistant varieties after infection, and their expression levels were higher than those in the susceptible varieties. These results suggested that genes such as McSCPL4, 10, 17, 22, and 25 may play a significant role in conferring resistance to fungal infections. Moreover, the expression levels of the McSCPL10, 17, 22, 23, and 25 genes were likewise significantly changed after being induced by salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). In situ hybridization showed that McSCPL22 was expressed in the vascular tissues of infected plants, which largely overlapped with the location of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Momordicae (FOM) infection and the site of hydrogen peroxide production. Our results showed that McSCPL22 may be involved in the regulation of the SA and JA pathways and enhance resistance to FOM in bitter gourd plants. This is the first study to perform SCPL gene family analysis in bitter gourd. McSCPL22 may have the potential to enhance FOM resistance in bitter gourd, and further investigation into its function is warranted. The results of this study may enhance the yield and molecular breeding of bitter gourd.