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Studies have demonstrated that bleach baths improve atopic dermatitis (AD) severity; however, the effects on itch, skin barrier, and cutaneous microbial composition are less clear. We examined whether bleach baths reduce itch, normalize skin barrier function, reduce S. aureus absolute abundance, and increase microbial diversity in adults with AD who were colonized with S. aureus on their non-lesional skin. This was an open label, non-randomized, controlled trial performed at a single academic center. Fifteen AD and five non-atopic healthy controls (NA) were instructed to take two bleach baths (0.005% NaClO; 5–10 min duration) per week for a total of 12 weeks as add-on therapy. Adults 18 to 65 years (inclusive) with mild to severe AD were recruited with EASI score > 6.0, S. aureus culture positivity, access to a bathtub, and ability and willingness to maintain current topical or systemic treatments. They were evaluated at baseline (before bleach baths), 6 weeks, and 12 weeks after the intervention of twice-weekly bleach baths. Efficacy measurements included EASI as well as 5-D Pruritus and ItchyQoL™. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum (SC) integrity assay were performed to assess the skin barrier. Skin dysbiosis was measured by S. aureus cultivation, S. aureus abundance (qPCR of thermonuclease gene), and V1-V3 16S rRNA gene sequencing on non-lesional and lesional AD skin. After 12 weeks of bleach baths, 8/15 (53.3%) AD subjects achieved an EASI 50 and a significant reduction in itch as measured by 5-D pruritus and Itchy QoL. Eighty-seven percent reported improvements in sleep quality. At study entry, AD subjects had higher non-lesional TEWL values than NA subjects, and only AD subjects experienced a reduction with bleach baths ( p  = 0.006). Similarly, SC integrity improved as early as 6 weeks after bleach baths in AD subjects. Notably, bleach baths had no significant effect on S. aureus culture-positivity, qPCR absolute abundance, or microbial diversity. The addition of twice-weekly bleach baths improves investigator-assessed AD severity, patient-reported pruritus and sleep as well as physiological measures of skin barrier function in adult AD subjects while having no effect on qualitative and quantitative measures of cutaneous S. aureus . Trial Registration : ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01996150, Date of registration: November 27th, 2013.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. The treatment plays an important role in influencing the patients’ quality of life. The basic management consists of appropriate skin cleansing, including bathing and eventually using bathing additives. Recommendations regarding frequency and duration of bathing, water temperature and usefulness of bathing additives are widely different, often leading to confusion among patients. This review aims to give insights into the best bathing practices and the use of bathing additives in atopic dermatitis in children. Several bathing additives, including bleach baths, commercial baby cleansers, bath baby oils and bath salt, appear to be promising adjunctive therapies for atopic dermatitis due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-pruritus and skin barrier repair properties through different mechanisms of action. However, their efficacy and safety are not fully understood in some cases. The usefulness of other bath additives, such as acidic and more natural substances (green tea extracts, pine tar, sodium bicarbonate), is still under investigation. Further studies are needed to determine their optimal use to achieve clinical benefit safely.

Children with probable community-associated Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue or invasive infections were randomized to routine daily hygienic measures with or without \"bleach baths\" twice a week for 3 months. Within 12 months, a medically attended recurrence occurred in 84 of 495 (17%) children using bleach baths compared to 103 of 492 (21%) of control participants (P = .15).

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disorder affecting 15-20% of children and 1-10% of adults. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection is the most frequent complication of AD and is involved in the worsening of the disease. Systemic and topical antibiotics are used in the treatment for AD but there are concerns over increasing resistance. Bleach (sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl) baths are an inexpensive, widely accessible, alternative antibiotic treatment that may not worsen antibiotic resistance. Bleach baths are used as adjunctive treatment in AD patients to treat superinfections, although their mechanism of action is not well understood. Balancing safety concerns with efficacious treatment should be important especially for AD where the majority of patients are in pediatrics age groups. Studies available in PubMed databases were included in this review. Most suggested bleach bath improves clinical symptoms of AD and restores surface microbiome by eradicating bacteria, most notably S. aureus. Some studies have noted that this antimicrobial effect has reduced the need for topical corticosteroids. In addition, bleach seems to have strong anti-inflammatory and antipruritic effects. Overall, bleach baths seem to be safe on human skin, without disrupting the epidermal barrier function. The review concluded, although there are some advantages of use of bleach baths, more studies to investigate long-term efficacy and safety of bleach baths are required before fixing its role in the treatment of AD especially in the context of the Indian scenario.

This work deals with the development of cyanide-free copper-silver electroplated coatings on AISI-1075 steel and its corrosion behavior under a 5% NaClO solution (commercial household bleach). A cyanide-free bath based on sodium thiosulfate was employed to obtain the silver coatings using current densities from 0.2 to 5.0 mA/cm and different concentrations of EDTA (additive). The evolution of the open circuit potential with time showed that silver is anodic with respect to copper, so there were no intense attacks in the silver pores. Adhesion measurements were made on both coatings by the tape test. The behavior against corrosion was evaluated by polarization resistance (Rp) in samples with the best coating adhesion. The best results were obtained with a silver coating of about 20 μm in thickness deposited on copper coating previously polished with colloidal silica. The best performance was attributed to the formation of AgCl as demonstrated by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.

Boils are a major health problem affecting rural Alaska Native communities. Boils result from transmission of Staphylococcus aureus from steam bath surfaces, infected skin, and household environments. To assess the acceptability of practices to prevent boils within one community, we surveyed 57 households before and after distribution of supplies and educational materials. Before distribution, 64% of households cleaned steam baths with bleach (23/36), 72% used steam bath seat barriers (41/57), 74% did not share scrubbers (42/57), 35% added recommended bleach to laundry (20/57), and 30% used hand sanitizer (17/57). After distribution, 75% households used new scrubbers (43/57), 88% used new seat barriers (50/57), and 25% used new antiseptic skin cleanser (14/57). Additionally, after the intervention, more households used seat barriers in steam baths (from 72% to 86%, p = .046) and hand sanitizer (from 30% to 60%, p < .001). This study supports development of a household-based intervention as a potential strategy to prevent boils in Alaska Native communities.

Bleaching is a common modification method widely used in the industrialization of wood dyeing. Bleaching can regulate the color of the wood, and it also has great effects on the subsequent wood dyeing properties. In this work, three woods, Ayous, Linden, and Poplar, were processed by using the NaOH/H2O2/Na2SiO3 bleach pretreatment method. Then, the pretreated wood and untreated wood were stained separately by means of water bath dyeing with three dyestuffs: blue anthraquinone and red and yellow double-azo dyestuffs. The study mainly focused on the effect of the bleach pretreatment on the color control and dyeing properties of the wood by analyzing the color difference, staining rate, and final dyeing rate of the dyed wood. The results were as follows: For the color difference, the L* and h* values showed increasing tends, while the a*, b*, and c* values showed decreasing trends. For the staining rate, Ayous reached an equilibrium staining rate at 3~4 h, but for the others, this was not obvious. For the dyeing rate, red and blue Linden veneers and blue Ayous veneers were similar to the unbleached ones, while the final dyeing rate of the other veneers was less than that of the original wood, and the staining rate of the Ayous red and yellow veneer, Linden yellow veneer, and Poplar veneer was less than that of the original wood. The final dyeing rate of the Ayous red and yellow veneers, Linden yellow veneer, and Poplar red, yellow and blue veneers decreased by 4.54%, 2.91%, 5.45%, 10.75%, 2.66%, and 9.55%, respectively. In general, the bleach pretreatment made the staining color of the material surface uniform. The dyeing rate increased due to the increase of the veneers’ permeability. Thus, the veneers quickly reached the equilibrium staining rate, but the equilibrium staining rate of some test pieces decreased. This work provides scientific support for the dyeing process.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by barrier dysfunction and susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus colonization. Biofilm formation modifies antibiotic resistance and the host immune response. This longitudinal study analyzed antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm formation in 136 S. aureus isolates obtained over 18 months from lesional, nonlesional, and nasal samples of 26 pediatric patients with moderate-to-severe AD. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined by the disk diffusion method, and biofilm production was quantified using a crystal violet microtiter assay. Clinical parameters, including disease severity, treatment response, and the administration of dilute bleach baths, were evaluated in relation to bacterial characteristics. Overall, 60.2% of isolates exhibited moderate-to-strong biofilm production, significantly associated with severe AD at baseline (p = 0.01), lack of clinical improvement (p = 0.04), and persistent moderate-to-severe disease (p = 0.01). Resistance rates for penicillin, gentamicin, clindamycin, and erythromycin exceeded 15%. Isolates from patients using dilute bleach baths showed greater resistance to ciprofloxacin (p < 0.0001) and exhibited constitutive or inducible macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance, with ermA detected in 80% of inducible cases. In conclusion, S. aureus biofilm formation is linked to disease severity and treatment failure in pediatric AD, underscoring the importance of culture-guided, targeted therapeutic strategies.