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"bombe"
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Bomb : graphic novel : the race to build--and steal--the world's most dangerous weapon
Recounts the scientific discoveries that enabled atom splitting, the military intelligence operations that occurred in rival countries, and the work of brilliant scientists hidden at Los Alamos.
BOOK
The differentiated generations of air bomb base on landmark technology
The development of air bomb was closed to 100 years from World War I. In this study, the typical technologies applied in air bomb were analyzed, and the characteristics of air bomb using various technologies were summarized. The differentiated generations based on landmark technology were developed to describe air bomb, and the various types of air bomb were illustrated on corresponding.
Journal Article
Source location of volcanic earthquakes and subsurface characterization using fiber-optic cable and distributed acoustic sensing system
We present one of the first studies on source location determination for volcanic earthquakes and characterization of volcanic subsurfaces using data from a distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) system. Using the arrival time difference estimated from well-correlated waveforms and a dense spatial distribution of seismic amplitudes recorded along the fiber-optic cable, we determine the hypocenters of volcanic earthquakes recorded at Azuma volcano, Japan. The sources are located at a shallow depth beneath active volcanic areas with a range of approximately 1 km. Spatial distribution of the site amplification factors determined from coda waves of regional tectonic earthquakes are well correlated with old lava flow distributions and volcano topography. Since DAS observation can be performed remotely and buried fiber-optic cables are not damaged by volcanic ash or bombs during eruptions, this new observation system is suitable for monitoring of volcanoes without risk of system damage and for evaluating volcanic structures.
Journal Article
Research on the Main Charge' Stability of Certain Electric Firing Cluster Tear Bomb
In order to study the main charge' stability of certain electric firing cluster tear bomb, the sampling research was carried out from the storage period, the storage period and the over storage period of the ammunition. The dispersion and stability of the samples main charge' components were characterized and tested in different years by SEM, DSC and other methods. The SEM diagrams of the main charge show that the components are still distributed evenly after long-term storage, and there is no obvious change in quality. The DSC results show that the stability of main charge is excellent, this is due to that the displacements of the melting endothermic peak and decomposition exothermic peak between unstored and stored main charge are less than 2 °C.
Journal Article
Accelerated Varroa destructor population growth in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies is associated with visitation from non-natal bees
A leading cause of managed honey bee colony mortality in the US,
Varroa destructor
populations typically exceed damaging levels in the fall. One explanation for rapid population increases is migration of mite carrying bees between colonies. Here, the degree to which bees from high and low mite donor colonies move between apiaries, and the effect visitation has on
Varroa
populations was monitored. More bees from low mite colonies (n = 37) were detected in receiver apiaries than bees from high mite colonies (n = 10,
p
<
0.001
). Receiver colony
Varroa
population growth was associated with visitation by non-natal bees (
p
=
0.03
), but not high mite bees alone (
p
=
0.19
). Finally, colonies lacking robbing screens experienced faster
Varroa
population growth than screened neighbors (
p
=
0.01
). Results indicate visiting non-natal bees may vector mites to receiver colonies. These results do not support the current two leading theories regarding mite immigration – the “mite bomb” theory (bees from high mite colonies emigrating to collapsing colonies), or the “robbing” theory (natal robbing bees return home with mites from collapsing colonies). Potential host-parasite effects to bee behavior, as well as important management implications both for
Varroa
treatment regimens and breeding
Varroa
resistant bees are discussed.
Journal Article
Global Peak in Atmospheric Radiocarbon Provides a Potential Definition for the Onset of the Anthropocene Epoch in 1965
Anthropogenic activity is now recognised as having profoundly and permanently altered the Earth system, suggesting we have entered a human-dominated geological epoch, the ‘Anthropocene’. To formally define the onset of the Anthropocene, a synchronous global signature within geological-forming materials is required. Here we report a series of precisely-dated tree-ring records from Campbell Island (Southern Ocean) that capture peak atmospheric radiocarbon (
14
C) resulting from Northern Hemisphere-dominated thermonuclear bomb tests during the 1950s and 1960s. The only alien tree on the island, a Sitka spruce (
Picea sitchensis
), allows us to seasonally-resolve Southern Hemisphere atmospheric
14
C, demonstrating the ‘bomb peak’ in this remote and pristine location occurred in the last-quarter of 1965 (October-December), coincident with the broader changes associated with the post-World War II ‘Great Acceleration’ in industrial capacity and consumption. Our findings provide a precisely-resolved potential Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) or ‘golden spike’, marking the onset of the Anthropocene Epoch.
Journal Article
Millennial soil retention of terrestrial organic matter deposited in the Bengal Fan
The abundance of organic carbon (OC) in vegetation and soils (~2,600 PgC) compared to carbon in the atmosphere (~830 PgC) highlights the importance of terrestrial OC in global carbon budgets. The residence time of OC in continental reservoirs, which sets the rates of carbon exchange between land and atmosphere, represents a key uncertainty in global carbon cycle dynamics. Retention of terrestrial OC can also distort bulk OC- and biomarker-based paleorecords, yet continental storage timescales remain poorly quantified. Using “bomb” radiocarbon (
14
C) from thermonuclear weapons testing as a tracer, we model leaf-wax fatty acid and bulk OC
14
C signatures in a river-proximal marine sediment core from the Bay of Bengal in order to constrain OC storage timescales within the Ganges-Brahmaputra (G-B) watershed. Our model shows that 79–83% of the leaf-waxes in this core were stored in continental reservoirs for an average of 1,000–1,200 calendar years, while the remainder was stored for an average of 15 years. This age structure distorts high-resolution organic paleorecords across geologically rapid events, highlighting that compound-specific proxy approaches must consider storage timescales. Furthermore, these results show that future environmental change could destabilize large stores of old - yet reactive - OC currently stored in tropical basins.
Journal Article
Production of Briquettes to Utilize Woody Cutting Waste at Universitas Internasional Semen Indonesia (UISI)
Universitas Internasional Semen Indonesia (UISI) disposes abundant amount of woody waste, such as leaves, twigs, and brunches from the pruning of woody plants. The aim of this research is to convert of this waste into combustible biomass briquettes by varying the particle size and binder ratio. A hydraulic press with 2 tons power and a cylindrical iron mold with diameter of 3.5 cm and height of 3 cm were used for the briquetting process. The physical characteristics of woody waste briquette, such as moisture content, ash content, volatile matter and carbon fix were evaluated using proximate analysis. The caloric value of briquetted fuel was measured by bomb calorimeter. The combustion test was conducted to determine the combustion characteristic of briquettes. The general result shows that the caloric value of developed briquettes was between 3402 and 3630 kcal/kg. The moisture content of briquette ranged from 1.080-1.16 %. Volatile matter was found in the range of 22.2 to 39.4 %. Ash content was 31.2-35.9 %, and carbon fix was 23.54-45.52%. The shortest ignition time was 229 s. The longest burning time was 78 minutes. Based on TG/DTA results, woody waste briquette decomposition occurred from 49°C to 801°C.
Journal Article
Warming and monsoonal climate lead to large export of millennial-aged carbon from permafrost catchments of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Permafrost carbon pool destabilization causes substantial fluvial export of soil carbon, yet the export patterns and magnitudes are not well understood. Here we investigated the radiocarbon (14C) in dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC and DIC, respectively) exported from a mid-sized river in the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) permafrost region. We utilized the radiocarbon dating technique to reveal the ages of riverine dissolved carbon and a statistical model to partition the riverine carbon from different age categories. DOC and DIC showed bomb-depleted 14C signatures corresponding to millennial ages. Seasonally, 14C-depleted DOC and DIC ages were associated with active layer thaw and flow path deepening. Spatially, older DOC and DIC were found in the valley sites correlated with warmer permafrost and higher groundwater flow. Further, isotopic mixing models suggested that 83 ± 27% of riverine DOC was derived from active layer and permafrost layer aged carbon. DIC export was comprised of a smaller portion of aged carbon (47.3 ± 2.6%) but a much larger flux of aged carbon due to higher annual DIC export. Interestingly, approximately 56% of annual aged DOC and DIC were exported in the short summer season (July to September). The monsoon climate-induced overlap of high discharge and maximum active layer thaw depth in summer enhanced the remarkably rapid fluvial export of millennial-aged carbon. Annual aged carbon yields in YRSR (275 ± 90 and 1661 ± 91 kg km−2 yr−1 for DOC and DIC, respectively) are much larger than those of Kolyma River (160 ± 89 and 234 ± 105 kg km−2 yr−1 for DOC and DIC, respectively). These results suggest a unique old carbon loss pattern in the QTP permafrost region compared to higher latitude permafrost regions with a non-monsoonal climate. As climate warms, more old carbon export is expected, which may affect the permafrost carbon pool and the river biogeochemical processes.
Journal Article
Method for determining parameters of the high energy materials burning rate law
Method for determining parameters of the burning rate law including combustion of high energy material samples in a manometric bomb is proposed. This method is based on solving the inverse problem of internal ballistics in an integral formulation. Unlike the prior versions embodiments of the experimental setup, the principle of ignition of a HEM sample by a heated spiral is used herein. In the prior versions, the ignition of the sample was carried out with black powder, which introduced errors due to gas formation during the burning of the powder. In addition, heat-insulated inserts are installed on inner walls of manometric bomb to prevent heat losses. The results of the method verification for model high energy material are discussed. Verification of the proposed method for identifying the parameters of the burning rate law was carried out for the model HEM composition with known values of thermophysical and ballistic characteristics. The integral method allows determining parameters of the burning rate law u1, v with the error of not more than 3-4% by experimental dependence p(t) measured with a random error of 10%. At the same time errors of determination u1, v by the differential method is 14-32%.
Journal Article