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Magnetic field induces transition in the distorted Fe2+aFe2+ pairs (quantum dots) from the initial bonding singlet state to the high spin antibonding state providing decay of the pairs for two separated Fe2+ ions. Dislocations moving under internal stresses easily overcome separated Fe2+ ions in comparison with Fe2+aFe2+ pairs lying close to the glide plane. Non-monotonous field dependence of dislocation displacements under internal stresses governed by short (100 I14s) impulse of high magnetic fields up to 31 T was revealed in NaCl:Fe crystals. This non-typical dependence is the fingerprint of the LandauaZener non-adiabatic spin transition between singlet and high spin states in quantum dots distorted by mechanical stresses of moving dislocations.

Classical chemical bonding is typically categorized into primary, strong interactions, such as covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds, and secondary, weak interactions, such as van der Waals forces, the hydrogen bond, and their likes (halogen bond, chalcogen bond, etc.). However, other not-so-known bonding mechanisms also play a crucial role in chemical systems. Particularly important are the charge-shift bond (CSB) and the multicenter bonds, i.e., the electron-rich multicenter bond (ERMB), also known as hypervalent or three-center-four-electron (3c-4e) bond, and the electron-deficient multicenter bond (EDMB), also known as the three-center-two-electron (3c-2e) bond in molecules and, more recently, as the two-center-one-electron (2c-1e) bond in extended solids. We consider that these latter interactions have not yet received the proper attention of the scientific community, even though multicenter interactions were proposed in the early days of Quantum Mechanics. In this work, we aim at providing: (i) a concise historical overview of the two types of multicenter bonds; (ii) a short introduction to the recently proposed unified theory of multicenter bonding (UTMB), which elucidates the origin and mechanisms of formation of both ERMBs and EDMBs; and (iii) an extension of the UTMB to include CSBs, due to the strong relationship between ERMBs and CSBs. We hope that the integrated perspective of chemical bonding, the heartland of chemistry, offered by the UTMB (beyond traditional and historical assumptions) will help researchers to understand materials properties and will provide a framework allowing the development of advanced materials for enhanced technological applications.

This book explores the frontiers of research on animal cognition and emotion, offering a surprising examination into the hearts and minds of wild and domesticated animals. Have you ever wondered what it is like to be a fish? Or a parrot, dolphin, or an elephant? Do they experience thoughts that are similar to ours, or have feelings of grief and love? These are tough questions, but scientists are answering them. They know that ants teach and rats love to be tickled. They have discovered that dogs have thousand-word vocabularies and that birds practice their songs in their sleep. But how do scientists know these things? This book takes us on a dazzling odyssey into the inner world of animals and among the pioneering researchers who are leading the way into once-forbidden territory: the animal mind. Here the author transports us to field sites and laboratories around the world, introducing us to animal-cognition scientists and their surprisingly intelligent and sensitive subjects. She explores how this rapidly evolving, controversial field has only recently overturned old notions about why animals behave as they do. In this she brings the world of nature brilliantly alive in a nuanced, deeply felt appreciation of the human-animal bond. -- From book jacket.

Conventional fluorescence-detection systems typically involve a separate laser excitation source shining directly down towards the photodetectors, with the fluorescent sample in-between. A major issue with such systems is the strong excitation light signal that can saturate detection circuitry and/or make detection of the fluorescent signal difficult, even with optical filtering. A fluorescence-detection system is described consisting of light emitting diode dies bonded on top of a CMOS imaging chip. Such a system facilitates a high level of integration while potentially reducing the excitation light hitting the photodetectors. Model results are used to predict the shape of the imager response to excitation light. Experimental results confirm the validity of the model. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

The morphology of ramie fiber treated with NaOHawater solutions at various concentrations was observed with an epi-illumination microscope (EIM) equipped with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The crystallinity was measured by X-ray diffraction. The morphological changes in length and width were quantified using image analysis. Changes in morphology were noted for samples treated with NaOHawater solutions at room temperature in the narrow concentration range of 0.08 < [NaOH] aBB 0.12. For samples cooled at a5 degree C after treatment, the morphological changes started at a lower concentration, i.e., at [NaOH] = 0.05. The change was observed as contraction in length and swelling in width. The mechanism for this dimensional change related closely not to the conformation of the whole microfibril but to the crystallinity of cellulose chains that had been de-crystallized by the NaOHawater solution: the calculated bond angle was too small for a zigzag conformation of the whole microfibril.

\"This book explains how animals shape our lives and our health, providing evidence that a \"One Health\" approach is the only logical methodology for advancing human health in the future\"--Provided by publisher.

Thermal spraying is the most important coating technology for depositing advanced ceramic coatings which have been widely applied to different industrial fields for materials protection and various physical–chemical functions. The adhesion and cohesion are of primary importance for the successful applications of ceramic coatings. Three bonding mechanisms contribute to the enhancement of the adhesion and cohesion, including mechanical interlocking, physical bonding and chemical bonding. It is still challenging to achieve chemical bonding in thermally-sprayed coatings. In this paper, the main factors influencing the bonding formation during thermal spraying of ceramic coatings, including spray particle parameters and substrate parameters, are examined from splat formation to coating formation to find solutions to the above challenge. The research progress on splat formation revealing characteristic dynamic parameters relating to the bonding formation kinetics will be briefly presented for the key factors determining splat shape, flattening time, solidification time, cooling rate, interface temperature, and transient dynamic contact pressure during flattening. The typical coating lamellar structure features with limited intersplat bonding less than one-third for refractory ceramics, which dominate the coating properties and performance based on theoretical relationships between the microstructure and properties, are presented. The effects of spray particle parameters on the intersplat bonding reveal that the bonding ratio is increased with increasing particle temperature, but decreased with increasing particle velocity which benefits only the mechanical bonding. Most importantly, recent studies have revealed that the liquid splat–substrate interface temperature higher than the glass transition temperature of spray materials is a necessary and sufficient condition for splat bonding formation. A critical bonding temperature concept is proposed to control the intersplat bonding formation by controlling the substrate preheating temperature. The critical bonding temperature is related to the melting point of spray materials. A model is proposed to understand the effect of the interface temperature on the bonding formation of impacting liquid splat and the bonding mechanisms. The condition for certain ceramic spray materials to form a bulk-like dense coating with the intersplat interface completely bonded becomes well understood. Moreover, the effect of metal substrate oxide scale control on the adhesion reveals that an adhesive strength higher than 100 MPa can be achieved for plasma-sprayed ceramic coatings. The excellent bonding at the interface between the splat and the oxide scale pre-oxidized on the metal substrate can be also explained by the bonding formation model. It becomes possible that, through both the controls of the pre-oxidation and the deposition temperature, all the interfaces in the ceramic coating with the metal/oxide-scale/splat/splat system can be bonded by chemical bonding to achieve an excellent load-bearing ceramic-coating system.